Isolation Of The Active Ingredient In An Analgesic Drug

Isolation Of The Active Ingredient In An Analgesic Drugextra Handout

Isolation of the Active Ingredient in an Analgesic Drug Extra handout – This provides more details about your experiment and information that will differ from the lab manual. Procedure: 1. Use aspirin or acetaminophen. Ibuprofen will not be assigned. 2. Use 10 mL beaker to bring some methanol back to your station. 3. Omit calibrated pipet. A full bulb depression is approximately 2 mL, or use graduated markings on vial. 4. Doing the extraction 3x instead of 2 will produce higher yield. This is the part when you add 2 mL of methanol, shake, settle, and transfer liquid to centrifuge tube. Add all three portions to the same centrifuge tube for the next step. 5. Omit filter-tip pipet. Use regular pipet. 6. Make sure centrifuge is balanced before running. If you are unsure how to do this, please ask your instructor. 7. For the column chromatography simply follow the diagram on page 53. You only need a small piece of cotton that covers the area shown in the diagram and about 2 cm of alumina. Once you condition the column with a 2 mL portion of methanol, do not allow the liquid to run under the top of the alumina. Add your product before it drains to under the top part of the alumina. You can catch the initial methanol in a beaker to discard, but once you add the product catch the remaining liquid in a 5 mL conical vial for the next step. 8. For evaporation of the solvent, use a 50 mL beaker for the water bath. Make sure the level of the water is higher than the liquid in the vial but not higher than the actual vial. If you use a beaker that is too large or fill it too high your vial can tip over and your product will be lost. 9. Ensure that the vial cools to room temperature before putting it in an ice bath. If you move it directly from the heat into the ice bath this can cause the glassware to crack or shatter. 10. The Hirsch funnel diagram is not found in our lab manual. Your instructor will demonstrate the setup on a side bench. Make sure you have it connected to a vacuum trap so that any particles that come through the funnel will get caught in the trap instead of being sucked directly into the vacuum. Tubing is heavy so ensure that the flask and all parts are secure before attaching it. 11. Crystals are dry when you can stick the microspatula into them and none of the product sticks to it. 12. Take melting point the same way as practiced in the previous lab. Use the average of the averages as your actual value to calculate your percent error. 13. Omit handing in your product. Discard leftover in waste jug when finished taking weight and melting point. 14. Include in your post-lab discussion the % error, % yield, and sources of error. 15. Post-lab questions 1-6. Computer Science 121 – Fall 2016 Program #5 – Due Tuesday, 9/27 by 11:50 am on Titanium (also submit printout) Write all of the following: main program: Call a function to open an input file. Call a function to read 3 integers in from the input file. Call a function that will find 3 normalized doubles, given the 3 integer inputs. Call a function to write out the 3 integers and the three doubles to an output file. Call a function that will ask the user if they want to continue. Repeat all of the following steps if the user chooses to continue. openFile function: Ask the user for the name of an input file. Try to open this file. If the file is not found, ask for another name and try again. Repeat until an input file is successfully opened. Send back a reference to the open file getData function: Given the open input file, read in 3 integer values and send them all back to the main program. largest function: Given 3 integer values, find the largest one, and send that one value back. normalize function: Given 3 integer values, call largest function to find which is biggest. Divide each of the 3 integer values by the largest, resulting in 3 double values (i.e. inputs of 2, 3, 4 will give normalized values of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0). Send back the 3 normalized double values. output function: Given: 3 integers and 3 doubles Ask the user for the name of an output file Open the output file for writing Write out the 6 numerical values with some explanatory text Close the output file getOption function: Ask the user if they want to continue. Give the user specific instructions for what their answer should be (i.e. Y or N). If their answer is anything other than one of the specified choices, write an error message and repeat the input until the desired answer is found. (ex. If you ask for 0 or 1, then repeat until the user enters 0 or 1). Send back the user’s choice The usual comments are required, plus write a description of each function’s purpose before its definition. Submit printout and on Titanium. LABORATORY NOTEBOOKS Why do we keep a lab notebook? In the ‘real world’, you will be expected to record what you do and how you do it, with the data clearly identifiable. There are 2 reasons for this: · Any scientific experiment is only considered valid if it can be repeated by someone else using your notebook. · If you develop a new product or process, your notebook becomes a legal document that can be scrutinized in a court of law, especially in cases of patent infringement. In order to meet these requirements, certain conditions must be met: · Notebooks shall have bound pages, loose-leaf and spiral bound are not acceptable. · All pages must be numbered prior to use. This will show if any pages have been removed that contained data that might compromise interpretation of your conclusions. · All pages must be numbered prior to use. This will show if any pages have been removed that contained data that might compromise interpretation of your conclusions. · All data shall be entered chronologically. Do not leave empty pages to insert information later. If you finish with a large expanse of blank page, put a line through it to show that it will not be used. · All notes are to be made in indelible pen – pencil will be penalized. If you make a mistake, just draw a single line through it, not a childish scribble to hide all traces! · All data will be recorded in your lab notebook at the moment it is generated. No notes shall be written on scraps of paper or memorized for later. Other notes about the lab notebook: All pre-lab and experimental work is hand-written in your lab notebook. Make sure that your notebook has duplicate pages because you will be tearing out the perforated copy pages (usually yellow or blue) and turning them in with your lab report for grading. You will turn in all the pages used from the start of your pre-lab work through until the end of the post lab work. Each lab notebook must contain a Table of Contents that lists the Experiment Title, page numbers associated with each report, and date of the experiment. Leave 2 pages at the front of the book for a Table of Contents . Do NOT use the cardboard insert for the table of contents as that is torn out and can be easily lost. Fill in the table of contents at the completion of each lab report. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT FORMAT There is a standardized lab report format that you will need to follow. There is a significant amount of pre-lab work that needs to be completed before the lab starts. The pre-lab is hand-written in your lab notebook and should contain the following labeled sections : PRE-LAB WORK: · TITLE – The full name of the experiment · PURPOSE : A brief description of what you will be doing in the lab · CHEMICAL EQUATION : Only include this if you are actually performing a chemical reaction (A + B ( C + D). Write the balanced overall chemical equation for the reaction. Draw the chemical structures and include the chemical formulas and names. · PROCEDURE : Point form (bullet) summary of the text procedure. This can be simplified as you will record a detailed, step-by-step procedure during the experimental phase. · HAZARDS : List the hazards and physical properties for ALL of the chemicals that you will come in contact with during the lab (including the products formed). You must be aware of the safety hazards so that you can minimize your exposure to harmful chemicals. This information can be found on any MSDS (material safety data sheets). A good site for MSDS is: , or you can just do a web search for the chemical name and select any MSDS link. The MSDS sheets include a lot of information, but you should just list the information from the following sections: Section #1: Product Identification – chemical name, chemical formula, CAS No, Molecular Weight Section #3: Hazard Identification – A few key words such as flammable, corrosive, carcinogen, etc. Or you can just list the NFPA rating scale (health – fire – reactivity). These criteria are rated on a scale of 0-4 with 4 being the most dangerous. Section #9: Physical and Chemical Properties – appearance, odor, density (specific gravity), boiling point, and melting point. Experimental Phase : The DATA section must be detailed and contain all the necessary information to be able to repeat the experiment using the notebook as the only available source of information. You cannot refer to the textbook, or another document, in lieu of a competed notebook. Remember, for any scientific experiment to be valid, it must be repeatable for the same results. The more information listed in this section will make it easier to duplicate the results later. DATA & OBSERVATIONS : Recorded in the lab notebook. · Record ALL the experimental steps. It is important to state what you actually did to yield the results. Often the pre-lab procedures do not provide enough information, or changes are made when you are in the lab. · Include detailed equipment diagrams as necessary so you can refer back if the same technique is used in another lab experiment. · For any number recorded as a measurement, you must have the units assigned and clearly identify what is being measured. Just listing a number by itself doesn’t mean anything! • Include any observations, such as color changes, odors emitted, phase changes, etc. • When you make a product, various techniques may be used to test the purity of the product. This data must all be recorded as follows: Melting Point (for solids) - 3 melting point trials (with a melting range for each trial) Boiling Point (for liquids) - 1 trial only unless the result differs from the literature value by more than 5oC. Spectroscopy methods – You’ll be introduced to various spectroscopy methods (IR, GC/MS, NMR) during your organic chemistry courses. If you do perform any of these methods, you’ll need to analyze each spectrum and turn it in with your lab report. For example, if you run an IR (Infrared) spectrum on your sample, you will need to identify all of the principal peaks and list them in the data section. CALCULATIONS: Recorded in the lab notebook. All mathematical calculations are written in this section. This enables another scientist to determine whether there was a possible math error. Common calculations that you will have to perform include: Melting Point Determination 3 trials performed with a melting point range for each trial. Calculate the average of each trial and then find the average of those values to determine the final observed melting point. % Error (for melting point, boiling point, density, etc.) % error = │literature value – observed value│ x 100 literature value % Yield (for any product made) 1. Balance the overall chemical equation 2. Determine the moles of limiting reactant and then moles of product 3. Convert moles of product to mass of product – this is the theoretical mass 4. Calculate the % yield % yield = Actual mass x 100 Theoretical mass Lab Report The lab report is a summary document written to inform the reader about the overall accomplishments of the experiment. The lab report must be typed and include the following sections: Title of Experiment Purpose Chemical Reactions Discussion – Provide a detailed summary of the chemistry and your experimental results in paragraph format. This is where you’ll interpret your data and calculations and describe the outcome of your experiment. You should clearly state your findings and provide enough information so that someone could just read your discussion and know what your results were. Unless appropriate you do not need to include the raw data or calculations, but you should include the final values for % error, % yield and any other significant calculations performed. Discuss the sources of error and ways to improve the results. Include any spectroscopy results and how they compare to the literature spectrographs found in the lab text, when applicable. Avoid the use of I or My statements and use the passive tense. Include any literature references when necessary. Conclusion - A brief statement of the experiment and if it was successful or unsuccessful. Did you accomplish what you set out to do? Post-Lab Questions - Answer all assigned post-lab questions. The lab report is due at the beginning of the following lab meeting. Attach all the pages used in your lab notebook (start of pre-lab through calculations) and any spectra that were analyzed (IR, NMR, GC/MS). Staple the typed report to the front and make sure your name is on the report. The total report is worth 20 points.

Paper For Above instruction

The experiment aimed to isolate and identify the active ingredient in an analgesic drug, specifically focusing on aspirin or acetaminophen. This process involved several key steps, including extraction, purification via column chromatography, and characterization through melting point analysis, among other techniques. The procedure was designed to maximize yield while ensuring purity and repeatability, emphasizing safety and meticulous data recording. The extraction process utilized methanol to dissolve the active ingredient, with multiple extractions enhancing yield. The combined extracts were then subjected to column chromatography, where alumina served as the stationary phase and methanol as the solvent, following a specific setup demonstrated by the instructor. During chromatographic separation, the product was carefully added to prevent it from draining under the alumina to maintain purity. The solvent was evaporated using a water bath, with precautions taken to prevent spillage and ensure the product’s cooling before further processing. Crystals formed during the purification were dried until no product remained on the spatula. Melting point determination provided insight into purity, with multiple trials conducted to ensure accuracy. The overall success of the experiment was evaluated through calculation of percent yield and error, with potential sources of error discussed, such as incomplete extraction, loss during transfer, or impurities. The process highlighted the importance of detailed data collection, safety precautions, and methodical procedures. Additionally, the related computer science assignment involved file handling, data normalization, and user interaction for reading, processing, and outputting numerical data, emphasizing structured programming principles. The experiment and programming project demonstrated the critical role of systematic procedures and thorough documentation in scientific and technical work, contributing to reproducibility, legal validity, and effective communication of results. The integration of chemistry and computer science practices underscores the importance of meticulous record-keeping and precise data manipulation in professional scientific endeavors.

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