Map The Layers Of The TCP/IP Model To The OSI Model Each Lay

Map the layers of the TCP/IP model to the OSI model Each layer of OSI

Answer the following questions: Map the layers of the TCP/IP model to the OSI model. For each OSI layer, identify the body/group responsible for the standards. Describe the progression through the OSI model of a web browser request and connection. Submit these assignments as a single Word document.

Paper For Above instruction

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model and the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model are foundational frameworks in computer networking. Understanding how they map onto each other, and the roles of their respective layers and organizations, is essential for grasping network communication processes such as web browsing.

Mapping TCP/IP to OSI Model

The TCP/IP model comprises four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface (or Link). Conversely, the OSI model consists of seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. The mapping between TCP/IP and OSI layers is generally as follows:

- Application Layer (TCP/IP) corresponds to Application, Presentation, and Session Layers (OSI). This encapsulation reflects that the Application layer in TCP/IP handles functionalities that in OSI span multiple layers, including data presentation and session management.

- Transport Layer (TCP/IP) directly maps to Transport Layer (OSI), responsible for end-to-end communication, flow control, and error correction.

- Internet Layer (TCP/IP) maps to Network Layer (OSI), dealing with routing, addressing, and packet forwarding.

- Network Interface Layer (TCP/IP) corresponds to Data Link and Physical Layers (OSI), which manage the physical transmission of data over hardware.

Standards Bodies and Responsible Groups

Each OSI layer is maintained by specific standards organizations:

- Physical and Data Link Layers: Managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). For instance, IEEE 802 standards govern Ethernet and wireless LANs.

- Network Layer: Managed primarily by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), responsible for protocols like IP.

- Transport Layer: Also overseen by IETF, maintaining protocols such as TCP and UDP.

- Session, Presentation, and Application Layers: Managed by IETF with substantial contributions by the Internet Society (ISOC). These layers encompass standards for session management, data encryption, and application-specific protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

Progression of a Web Browser Request through the OSI Model

When a user enters a URL into a web browser, a sequence of methodical steps begins, traversing the OSI model:

1. Application Layer: The browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) generates an HTTP request to retrieve webpage content. This involves the HTTP protocol, which is an application-layer protocol standardized by IETF.

2. Presentation Layer: Any necessary data encoding, formatting, or encryption (e.g., SSL/TLS encryption) occurs here. For instance, HTTPS employs encryption at this layer to ensure secure transmission.

3. Session Layer: Manages connections between the client and web server. It establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions. Protocols like SSL/TLS operate here to manage secure sessions.

4. Transport Layer: The request is segmented into TCP segments, with port numbers indicating the web server's listening service (commonly port 80 for HTTP or 443 for HTTPS). TCP manages reliable transmission, flow control, and error correction.

5. Network Layer: The IP protocol packages the segments into packets, establishing source and destination IP addresses. Routing decisions are made to direct the packet across multiple networks toward the server's IP.

6. Data Link Layer: Frames are created here with MAC addresses, and error detection is performed. This layer manages the hardware addressing and reliable data transfer over the physical medium.

7. Physical Layer: The frames are converted into electrical, optical, or radio signals for transmission over physical media such as Ethernet cables or wireless signals.

As the data reaches the server, this process is reversed at each layer, ultimately resulting in the server processing the HTTP request and returning the webpage content through the same layered process. This seamless interaction facilitates the retrieval of web content over complex networks efficiently.

Conclusion

Mapping the TCP/IP model to the OSI model and understanding the specific roles of each layer provide clarity on data transmission processes like web browsing. Standards organizations such as IEEE and IETF play pivotal roles in defining these protocols, ensuring interoperability and security across diverse systems. Recognizing the step-by-step progression of a request enhances comprehension of networking fundamentals necessary for troubleshooting, designing, and managing modern computer networks.

References

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  2. Forouzan, B. A. (2017). Data Communications and Networking. McGraw-Hill Education.
  3. Stevens, W. R. (2011). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Addison-Wesley.
  4. Stanley, D., & Johnson, R. (2020). "Understanding the OSI and TCP/IP Models." Journal of Network Engineering, 15(2), 45-59.
  5. IEEE Standards Association. (2022). IEEE 802 Standards. Retrieved from https://standards.ieee.org/
  6. IETF. (2023). Internet standards and protocols. Retrieved from https://www.ietf.org/
  7. Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2020). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. Pearson.
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  9. Odom, W. (2019). CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide. Cisco Press.
  10. Jain, R., & Sharma, P. (2019). "Layered Architecture in Networking," International Journal of Computer Applications, 178(16), 28-34.

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