Matrix Table: Article Reference In APA Format

Matrix Table: Article/Reference (in APA format) Purpose of the Articles

Matrix Table: Article/Reference (in APA format) Purpose of the Article/Study Question Variables (i.e., Independent vs. Dependent) Study Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed designs Sampling Methods Instrument Findings/Results Bartkeviciute, B., Riklikiene, O., Kregzdyte, R., & Lesauskaite, V. (2022). Individualized care for older adults with diabetes and its relationship with communication, psychosocial self–efficacy, resources and support for self–management, and socio–demographics. Nursing Open, 10(4), 2560–2571. • To investigate the association of patient–provider communication, psychosocial patient self–efficacy, resources and support for self–management, and socio–demographics within individualized care of older adults with diabetes. • Independent: Patient–provider communication, psychosocial patient self–efficacy, resources and support for self–management, socio-demographics. • Dependent: Individualized care of older adults with diabetes. • Quantitative research design. • The research included patients aged 65 and over with diabetes who visited primary care institutions for diabetes care. From 14,743, a representative sample of 374 patients was selected through random sampling. • To collect data, four standardized scales were utilized: the ICS, the CAT, the DES, and the RSSM. Each of these instruments played a specific role in evaluating various aspects of the study, including individualized care, patient–provider communication, psychosocial self–efficacy, and resources/support for self–management. The survey instruments were carefully translated back into English to ensure linguistic accuracy for the study's context. • The Communication Assessment Tool was employed to evaluate how patients felt about the interpersonal and scientific facets of communication between nurses and doctors. • The Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES) was developed to evaluate the impact of clinical or educational treatments on the psychosocial self–efficacy of people with diabetes. • The Resources and Support for Self–Management Scale (RSSM) was used to evaluate patients’ perceptions of their own healthcare providers’ and the community's availability of services and support for self–management. • The Individualized Care Scale (ICS) was utilized to determine how patients aged 65 and up with diabetes mellitus felt about receiving care tailored to their specific needs. • The study found that respect and making the patient feel at ease were the most valuable features of provider–patient communication. • Patients' views on and enthusiasm for personalized care correlated significantly with diabetes-related outcomes. • The ability to effectively communicate was the most significant indicator of agreement with the concept of personalized healthcare. Effective communication, along with other factors such as education, empowerment, and availability of resources, explained a notable twenty–three percent of the variance in the support for personalized care among diabetic older persons. Ogrin, R., Aylen, T., Thurgood, L., Neoh, S. L., Audehm, R., Steel, P., Churilov, L., Zajac, J., & Ekinci, E. I. (2021). Older people with type 2 diabetes–individualizing management with a Specialised Community Team (optimize): Perspectives of participants on care. Clinical Diabetes, 39(4), 397–410. • To investigate the perspectives and experiences of older participants with type 2 diabetes regarding the OPTIMISE program, which involves telemedicine consultations, home visits by a credentialed diabetes educator, and intermittent flash glucose monitoring, in the context of individualized diabetes management. • Independent variable: The OPTIMISE program. • Dependent variable: Perspectives and experiences of older participants with type 2 diabetes regarding this program. • Qualitative research design. • The study's sample consisted of 41 individuals who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, spoke English, and lived within the home-visiting service's catchment area in Northeast Melbourne, Australia. • Data was collected through semi–structured interviews done in the study subjects' homes and designed to gather information about their encounters with all facets of the OPTIMISE program. • Thematic analysis within a constructionist framework was used to interpret and analyze the interview data. • Semi–structured interviews were used to collect data. These interviews were conducted at a mutually convenient time in participants' homes and were audio-recorded for subsequent transcription and analysis. The questions and prompts used in the interviews were designed to elicit participants' perspectives and experiences related to the OPTIMISE program. • There were positive perceptions among participants regarding the OPTIMISE program, emphasizing the importance of person–centered attributes in diabetes healthcare providers and the value of technology, such as flash glucose monitoring and video-conferencing, in supporting diabetes self–management. Participants felt respected, empowered, and engaged in their care, highlighting the significance of human connection in healthcare engagement, particularly for older individuals. Bartkeviciute, B., Lesauskaite, V., & Riklikiene, O. (2021). Individualized health care for older diabetes patients from the perspective of health professionals and service consumers. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(7), 608. • To evaluate and compare the perceptions of health professionals and older diabetes patients regarding their individualized care in terms of the patient's clinical situation, personal life situation, and decisional control. • Independent variable: Individualized care in clinical situations, personal life situations, and decisional control. • Dependent variables: The health professionals' and patients' perceptions. • Quantitative research design. • Seventy health professionals meeting the inclusion criteria of caring for older diabetes patients for over a year were recruited from primary healthcare institutions in the Kaunas region of Lithuania. • One hundred and forty–five patient participants aged 65 and above, with confirmed type 1 or type 2 diabetes, were systematically enrolled during their visits to primary healthcare centers or outpatient units in the same region over 23 months. • The study utilized a cross–sectional survey design and employed the Individualized Care Scale (ICS) in both nurse and patient versions to gather data on perceptions of individualized care. • The data was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, nonparametric tests like Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed–ranks tests for comparing data distributions. • The Individualized Care Scale’s two versions, i.e., one for health professionals (ICS–Nurse) and one for older patients with diabetes (ICS–Patient), were used to assess perceptions of individualized care. • Health professionals expressed more positive perceptions of individualized care support and provisions for older diabetes patients than the patients themselves. • The personal life situation sub–scale received the least ratings from health professionals and patients.

Paper For Above instruction

In the realm of healthcare, especially among older adults with chronic conditions such as diabetes, personalized or individualized care has garnered significant attention. The core purpose of the research articles under review is to investigate various dimensions of individualized care, including communication, patient perceptions, healthcare provider perspectives, and the impact of tailored interventions on health outcomes. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods across these studies highlights the multifaceted approach to understanding how personalized care can enhance health management for older adults.

The study by Bartkeviciute et al. (2022) adopts a quantitative research design to explore the factors influencing individualized care in older adults with diabetes. Using a large sample of 374 patients from primary care settings, the researchers employed several validated instruments to measure patient–provider communication, self–efficacy, perceived resources, and socio–demographic variables. Their objective was to understand how these variables relate to perceptions of receiving personalized care. The findings revealed that communication quality, especially respecting patients and making them feel at ease, was crucial in fostering positive perceptions of personalized care. Notably, effective communication accounted for 23% of the variance in support for personalized healthcare, emphasizing its pivotal role as an enabler for successful individualized treatment. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that patients’ perceptions of personalized care are significantly influenced by their communication and psychosocial self-efficacy, suggesting that healthcare providers should prioritize effective dialogue and patient engagement strategies.

The qualitative study by Ogrin et al. (2021) provides insights into the experiences and perceptions of older adults with type 2 diabetes participating in the OPTIMISE program. Employing semi-structured interviews, the researchers obtained rich, detailed data about patients’ perspectives on telemedicine, home visits, and glucose monitoring. Thematic analysis revealed that participants appreciated the person-centered approach inherent in the program, which fostered feelings of respect, empowerment, and engagement. The integration of technology, such as flash glucose monitoring and video communication, was viewed positively as supportive of self-management. Importantly, participants highlighted that human connection and personalized interaction were vital for their engagement and motivation in managing diabetes. This qualitative evidence underscores the importance of tailoring intervention strategies to meet the emotional and psychological needs of older adults, reinforcing the value of caregiver-patient relationships in successful health outcomes.

A comparative perspective is offered by Bartkeviciute et al. (2021), who investigated perceptions of individualized care from the viewpoints of healthcare professionals and older patients. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey and the Individualized Care Scale, both groups provided data on their perceptions of care tailored to clinical, personal, and decisional aspects. The findings indicated that healthcare professionals generally perceived the support for individualized care more positively than patients did. Both groups rated personal life situation as the least addressed aspect, which points to an area for potential improvement. This discrepancy suggests that while professionals might believe they are providing personalized care, patients may feel their specific needs and circumstances are insufficiently acknowledged. Addressing these perceptual gaps is essential for developing truly effective individualized care models, especially in chronic disease management for the elderly.

Collectively, these studies highlight the crucial role of effective communication, respect, and personalized engagement in fostering positive healthcare experiences and outcomes among older adults with diabetes. They also emphasize the importance of integrating technological solutions with a human-centered approach to meet the complex needs of this population. Future research should focus on exploring ways to bridge perceptual gaps between providers and patients and to develop comprehensive models that incorporate both clinical effectiveness and psychological well-being, advancing the pursuit of truly individualized diabetes care for older adults.

References

• Bartkeviciute, B., Lesauskaite, V., & Riklikiene, O. (2021). Individualized health care for older diabetes patients from the perspective of health professionals and service consumers. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(7), 608.
• Bartkeviciute, B., Riklikiene, O., Kregzdyte, R., & Lesauskaite, V. (2022). Individualized care for older adults with diabetes and its relationship with communication, psychosocial self–efficacy, resources and support for self–management, and socio–demographics. Nursing Open, 10(4), 2560–2571.
• Ogrin, R., Aylen, T., Thurgood, L., Neoh, S. L., Audehm, R., Steel, P., Churilov, L., Zajac, J., & Ekinci, E. I. (2021). Older people with type 2 diabetes–individualizing management with a Specialised Community Team (optimize): Perspectives of participants on care. Clinical Diabetes, 39(4), 397–410.