Michael Who Is Quite Familiar With Birds Sees An Airplane

Michael Who Is Quite Familiar With Birds Sees An Airplane For The Fi

Michael, who is quite familiar with birds, sees an airplane for the first time and calls it a "bird." Jean Piaget, Michael is exhibiting: a. Conservation b. Accommodation c. Reciprocal determinism d. Assimilation

The period of the zygote lasts about _____, beginning with _____. a. 3 months; fertilization b. 2 weeks; fertilization c. 2 weeks; implantation d. 3 months; implantation

According to ecological systems theory, the behaviors of each family member affect those of others. This represents the concept of _____ influences. a. Bidirectional b. Learned c. Predetermined d. Universal

Which of the following terms represent ideas by Piaget? a. Schemes b. Assimilation c. All of the above d. Accommodation

Theories which believe the child to be a passive reactor to the environment are called: a. Naturalistic b. Mechanistic c. Dynamic d. Organismic

The period of the embryo lasts from the ____ week through the _____ week of pregnancy. a. third; tenth b. first; third c. second; eight d. fourth; twelfth

______ is the process by which the DNA ladder splits down the middle, replicating itself when each base pairs up with a new mate from the cytoplasm of the cell. a. Natural selection b. Meiosis c. Crossing over d. Mitosis

Which of the following terms are not characteristic of information processing theory? a. Memory b. Menarche c. Attention d. Thinking

______ represents the union between the sperm and the egg. a. Scheme b. Zygote c. Teratogens d. None of the above

_____ are developmental characteristics that one can directly observe. a. Latents b. None of the above c. Phenotype d. Genotype

Which items represent mental strategies noted in information processing theory? a. Elaboration b. All of the above c. Rehearsal d. Organization

Most babies born to mothers who used cocaine regularly during pregnancy: a. Came into the world drug addicted b. Have abnormally low pitched and dull cries c. Are extremely placid and calm d. Survived only a few days

Wanda, who is pregnant, lives in an old apartment building where multiple layers of paint are flaking off the walls. To protect her baby, Wanda should have the paint tested for: a. Mercury b. Lead c. Phosphorous d. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Qualitative changes involve: a. None of the above b. Both c. Amount d. Type or kind

Which of the following stages relate to Freud? a. Oral, Anal b. None of the above c. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame d. Sensorimotor, Preoperational

Amniotic fluid: a. Produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function b. Separates the mother's bloodstream from the embryo or fetal bloodstream c. Provides a protective cover and nourishment to the prenatal organism d. Helps keep the temperature constant

In Erikson's model, what is critical in promoting healthy personality development? a. Sex b. Tabula Rasa c. Crisis d. Cognitive

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because: a. The risky behavior of many teenagers causes chromosomal abnormalities in their babies b. Most teenagers' reproductive organs are not yet mature enough to support a pregnancy c. Many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care d. The egg cells or ovum of teenagers are not yet mature enough to successfully unite with the father's sperm cells

Which of the following represent Piaget's stages? a. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital b. Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity c. Id, ego, superego d. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following statements are generally believed by social scientists? a. People help shape their own development b. Humans are resilient c. All of the above d. Knowledge is useful

Autosomes: a. Are the 22 matching chromosome pairs in each human cell b. Are the 23rd pair of chromosomes c. Determine the sex of the child d. Contain the sex chromosomes

Chromosomes: a. Store and transmit genetic information b. Always come in XY pairs c. Are inherited from the mother only d. Are located outside of the cell nucleus

In which Piagetian stage of development do infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, and hands? a. Operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Preformal

Which of the following represents Freud's contribution to human development? a. All behavior is motivated by unconscious dynamics b. Sexuality is a major motivating force in human behavior c. Industry vs. Inferiority d. Errors and other unintended behaviors have symbolic meanings

Your friend is a healthy woman over the age of 35 who is thinking of having her first child. You can tell her that: a. She is more likely than a woman in her twenties to have a baby born with chromosomal defects b. She is likely to have more prenatal complications than a woman in her twenties c. She is likely to have a longer and more difficult labor than younger women d. Her baby is more likely than a younger woman's baby to be low birth weight

The most well-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is: a. Childhood lung cancer b. Respiratory distress c. Low birth weight d. Allergies

An expectant mother who ensures that her meat is well cooked and has other family members change the cat's litter box is trying to avoid: a. Rubella b. Cytomegalovirus c. Polychlorinated biphenyls d. Toxoplasmosis

_____ refers to a limited time span during which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly and is especially sensitive to its surroundings. a. Range of reaction b. A sensitive period c. Canalization d. The age of viability

A ______ refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. a. Pollutant b. Chemical hazard c. Toxin d. Teratogen

According to Erikson, a combination of adult expectations and children's drive towards mastery creates what stage of development? a. Initiative vs. Guilt b. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt c. Trust vs. Mistrust d. Industry vs. Inferiority

Paper For Above instruction

In this comprehensive analysis, we explore various fundamental concepts across developmental psychology, biology, and theory, emphasizing their relevance and interconnectedness. The synthesis of Piaget's cognitive development stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, biological processes during pregnancy, and behavioral theories constructs a nuanced understanding of human development.

Understanding Piaget's Cognitive Development and Its Implications

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is foundational in understanding how children perceive and interact with their environment. His concept of schemas—mental structures that organize knowledge—offers insight into how children accommodate and assimilate new information. When Michael confuses a plane for a bird, he demonstrates assimilation, a process where new stimuli are incorporated into existing schemas. According to Piaget, this is typical of the prior stages of cognitive development, especially preoperational, where children interpret new information based on existing mental models (Piaget, 1952).

Biological Aspects of Prenatal Development

The stages of prenatal development are critical in understanding the physical basis of human growth. The zygote's approximately two-week period begins at fertilization, involving rapid cell division and implantation in the uterine wall (Moore & Persaud, 2014). Following this, the embryonic period, lasting from the third to the tenth week, encompasses vital organ formation and differentiation (Sadler, 2011). The process of cell division, including mitosis, is essential for growth, while the splitting of DNA during replication ensures genetic continuity (Alberts et al., 2014). Understanding these biological processes elucidates how environmental influences, such as teratogens, can disrupt development.

Environmental Risks During Pregnancy

Exposure to environmental toxins like lead, mercury, PCBs, and toxoplasmosis pose significant risks to fetal development. For example, lead exposure, especially in older buildings, can affect neurodevelopment (Landrigan et al., 2002). Toxoplasmosis, contracted through cat litter, can cause miscarriage or congenital defects if not properly managed (Toxoplasma gondii, CDC, 2023). Pregnant women must adopt precautionary measures, including testing for harmful substances and avoiding such hazards, to ensure optimal fetal health.

Developmental Theories and Perspectives

The ecological systems theory highlights the bidirectional influences within family and community systems affecting development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). It emphasizes that family members' behaviors and interactions mutually influence each other's growth, emphasizing the complex interplay between individual and environment. Cognitive developmental theories, such as Piaget's, focus on the stages of thinking, while psychosocial theories like Erikson's underscore the importance of social and emotional stages in personality development (Erikson, 1950).

Genetics and Chromosomal Considerations

The role of chromosomes, including autosomes and sex chromosomes, is vital in understanding genetic inheritance. Autosomes, consisting of 22 pairs, carry most genetic information, whereas the 23rd pair determines sex: XX for females and XY for males (Kumar & Clark, 2012). Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome, especially in advanced maternal age, highlighting the importance of genetic counseling and testing.

Behavioral and Environmental Influences

Child development is not solely genetically determined but results from dynamic interactions among biological, environmental, and social factors. For example, prenatal exposure to substances like cocaine can lead to developmental delays and behavioral problems (Behnke & Smith, 2013). Similarly, social support, prenatal care, and healthy behaviors substantially influence outcomes, supporting the view that development is a resilient and adaptable process (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998).

Psychosocial Development and Erikson's Stages

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages emphasize the importance of resolving specific conflicts at each stage for healthy personality development. During infancy, trust versus mistrust is pivotal; in early childhood, autonomy versus shame, and during adolescence, identity versus role confusion (Erikson, 1950). These stages highlight the interaction of biological maturations and social experiences in shaping personality.

Implications for Practice and Policy

Understanding these developmental concepts guides effective interventions. Healthcare providers should educate expectant mothers about environmental hazards, genetic risks, and the importance of prenatal care. Public policy must support safe housing, environmental regulations, and accessible prenatal services to optimize developmental health across populations.

Conclusion

In sum, integrating biological processes, environmental factors, and developmental theories offers a comprehensive view of human development. Recognizing the bidirectional influences, stages, and risks involved enables practitioners, policymakers, and families to support healthy growth and development from conception through childhood.

References

• Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
• Behnke, M., & Smith, V. C. (2013). Prenatal drug exposure: Implications for child development. Pediatric Clinics, 60(2), 393-413.
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Kumar, P., & Clark, M. (2012). Clinical Medicine (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
• Landrigan, P. J., et al. (2002). Environmental pollutants and children's health. Pediatrics, 109(4), 748-755.
• Moore, K. L., & Persaud, T. V. N. (2014). The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (9th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
• Sadler, T. W. (2011). Langman's Medical Embryology (11th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Toxoplasma gondii. (2023). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/clinicians.html