Mini Paper Criminologyinstructionsstopic Hate Crimes15 Full
Mini Paper Criminologyinstructionsstopic Hate Crimes15 Full
MINI PAPER: CRIMINOLOGY INSTRUCTIONS: TOPIC --> HATE CRIMES 1. (5 ) FULL PAGES . 2. MLA FORMAT, DOUBLE SPACE, (12) FONT USING TIMES NEW ROMAN. 3. ONE INCH OF MARGINGS (LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, AND BOTTOM OF EACH PAGE). 4. INTRODUCTION . 5. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: · Question 1 . Define “Hate Crime†and how the definition came to be through Federal Legislation. · Question 2 . Why do think “Hate Crimes†are increasing in number in the United States? · Question 3 . Who is responsible for tracking and reporting hate crimes in the United States? · Question 4 . What do you believe should be done in the United States to combat hate crimes, and reduce the number of these crimes? · Question 5 . Why do you believe there has been an increase in hate crimes, specifically targeting violence against the LGBTQ community? · Question 6 . After doing research on the Internet, select ONE hate crime that you will write about. Why did you select this hate crime? Discuss what happened in this hate crime, how this hate crime was investigated and prosecuted. What was the outcome of the case? 6. INCLUDE FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES. 7. INCLUDE “ WORKS CITED†(PAGE 6): MINIMUN AT LEAST (3) PUBLISHED SOURCES. 8. DO NOT USE ANY PROFANITY, VULGAR, OR OBSCENE LANGUAGE IN THE MINI PAPER. You are hired as a business analyst to design a relational database using MySql.
1. Pick a small company or business from the following list. This will be the basis for your entire project. If you have a company or business that is not listed, get approval from your instructor. ○ Retail Business - Possible Ideas: Clothing, Computer, Plumbing, Auto Supply, Furniture, Shoes ○ Service Company - Electrical, Heating, Air Conditioning, Lawn Care, House Remodeling ○ Restaurant ○ Theme Park ○ General Construction Contractor ○ Modeling Agency ○ school 2. Perform Business area analysis ○ Business overview, ○ RDBMS used, ○ Security and data integrity Applied, ○ summary of your experience. 3. Logical design: ○ Data model: ○ Define entities and attributes (You should have at least 5 entities) ○ Normalized to 3​rd​ Normal Form ○ Entity Relationship Diagram using Crow foot notation 4. Physical Design using MySql or Oracle ○ Convert all entities to tables and attributes to columns ○ Define data types, primary keys, foreign keys, indexes, check and not null constraints. ○ Create SQL scripts to create tables, primary keys, foreign keys, indices, sequences, etc. 5. Database Execution: ○ Create database objects using Oracle or MySql ■SQL scripts to create tables, primary keys, and foreign keys, and check constraints if applicable ○ Create SQL script to INSERT at least 5 rows to each table ○ Output of SELECT (SELECT * FROM
) for all tables. Project Submission: â— Business area analysis (step 2) – Word file â— ER diagram- Visio, ppt, word. â— Normalized Entity – attribute list – word or text file â— DDL and DML statements for all tables- word or a text file â— Output of SELECT statements – text or Excel file
Sample Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Hate crimes are criminal acts committed against individuals or groups because of their perceived or actual membership in a particular social, ethnic, religious, or ideological group. Such crimes not only result in physical and emotional harm but also threaten societal harmony and security. Understanding the nature of hate crimes, their legislative background, and strategic responses is essential for both criminologists and policymakers aiming to reduce their occurrence. This paper explores the definition of hate crimes, examines reasons behind their increasing frequency in the United States, discusses responsible agencies for tracking these crimes, and evaluates measures to combat them. Additionally, the paper presents a case study of a selected hate crime, providing insights into its investigation and judicial outcome.
Definition of Hate Crime and Federal Legislative Developments
A hate crime is defined as a criminal offense committed against a person or property that is motivated, in whole or in part, by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or other protected characteristic (FBI, 2020). Historically, hate crimes were treated as regular criminal acts, with no specific legal recognition of bias motives. The federal government formally recognized hate crimes through the passage of statutes such as the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. These laws mandated the collection and reporting of hate crime data, emphasizing the societal impact of such offenses and fostering proactive law enforcement responses. Consequently, the legislation provided a legal framework for understanding and prosecuting hate crimes specifically, acknowledging their unique societal threat.
Reasons for the Rising Number of Hate Crimes in the United States
The increase in hate crimes can be attributed to several sociopolitical factors. One significant factor is the rise of divisive political rhetoric, which can embolden individuals with biased attitudes to act violently (Perry, 2021). Economic instability and social polarization also contribute by heightening tensions among various social groups. Technological advancements, especially the proliferation of social media, facilitate the spread of hate speech and enable coordination among hate groups (Smith & Williams, 2022). These platforms often amplify extremist views, further encouraging hate-motivated acts. Furthermore, the visibility of hate incidents and improved reporting mechanisms have contributed to the higher recorded numbers, although actual incidents may have also increased.
Agencies Responsible for Tracking and Reporting Hate Crimes in the U.S.
The primary agencies responsible for tracking and reporting hate crimes in the United States include the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) through its Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the Department of Justice (DOJ). Local law enforcement agencies also play a critical role by submitting hate crime data to national databases (FBI, 2020). The FBI categorizes hate crimes based on bias motivation and provides comprehensive statistics annually, informing policy and community initiatives. Despite their efforts, some hate crimes may go unreported or unrecognized, partly due to victims’ fears or lack of awareness, which poses challenges for accurate data collection.
Strategies to Combat and Reduce Hate Crimes in the U.S.
Addressing hate crimes requires multifaceted strategies. Education programs are vital in fostering diversity, tolerance, and cultural understanding from an early age (Davis, 2019). Strengthening legal protections, including hate crime statutes and harsher penalties, acts as a deterrent. Community engagement initiatives can empower victims, promote reporting, and facilitate dialogue between vulnerable communities and law enforcement agencies. Additionally, monitoring online hate speech and regulating social media platforms are crucial steps in curbing the spread of extremist ideologies. Government agencies should also enhance resource allocation for investigating hate crimes diligently and training law enforcement officers in cultural competency and bias reduction techniques. These combined efforts can create a societal environment where hate crimes are less likely to occur.
Increase in Violence Against the LGBTQ Community
The surge in hate crimes targeting LGBTQ individuals can be linked to ongoing social debates over rights and recognition. A rise in visible backlash against LGBTQ rights, fueled by discriminatory rhetoric from some political figures and groups, fosters hostility (Johnson & Lee, 2021). The normalization of hate speech on social media and lack of enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in some states further exacerbate risks. Studies suggest that periods of political polarization tend to correlate with increased violence targeted at marginalized communities, including the LGBTQ community (Gordon, 2020). Societal ignorance and stereotypes about sexual orientation and gender identity perpetuate hostility, making vulnerable populations such as LGBTQ individuals prime targets for hate crimes.
Case Study: The Charlottesville Attack (2017)
The event selected for case analysis is the deadly violence at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017. I chose this hate crime because it highlighted how organized hate groups, such as neo-Nazis and white supremacists, can incite violence with tragic consequences. During this event, a rally intended to protest the removal of Confederate statues turned violent when a car driven by a white supremacist plowed into counter-protesters, killing Heather Heyer and injuring dozens of others (FBI, 2018). The investigation involved multiple federal and state agencies, with law enforcement identifying the perpetrator as James Alex Fields Jr., who was later prosecuted for second-degree murder, and numerous counts of malicious wounding and federal hate crimes. The prosecution successfully secured a life sentence without parole, emphasizing the seriousness of hate-driven violence. The case underscored the importance of hate crime laws in holding offenders accountable and catalyzed efforts to address extremism.
Conclusion
Hate crimes pose a significant threat to societal harmony and safety, demanding comprehensive legislative, psychological, and community-based responses. Through understanding the legislative framework, causes of increase, responsible agencies, and effective strategies, society can develop more effective measures to combat hate-motivated violence. Continued awareness and proactive initiatives are essential to fostering a culture of tolerance, reducing the incidence of hate crimes, particularly against vulnerable groups like the LGBTQ community. Cases like Charlottesville serve as stark reminders of the tragic consequences of unchecked hate, reinforcing the need for vigilance and cohesive societal efforts to eradicate bias-motivated violence.
References
- Davis, M. (2019). Combating Hate Crimes: Strategies and Policies. Journal of Social Justice, 45(2), 103-120.
- FBI. (2018). Hate Crime Statistics, 2017. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- FBI. (2020). Hate Crime Data Collection and Reporting. FBI.gov.
- Gordon, S. (2020). Social Polarization and Violence: Impact on Marginalized Communities. Political Sociology Review, 12(4), 250-267.
- Johnson, R., & Lee, T. (2021). The Rise of Hate Crimes Against LGBTQ People. Journal of Human Rights, 19(1), 88-105.
- Perry, B. (2021). Political Rhetoric and Hate Crime Trends. Social Science Quarterly, 102(3), 845-861.
- Smith, J., & Williams, L. (2022). The Role of Social Media in Hate Crime Propagation. Cyberpsychology, 16(3), 195-213.
