Module 05 Course Project - Final Submission

Module 05 Course Project - Final Project Submission

Below you will find the assignment. You will also find three attachments. The final must include the topic selected, the outline provided, and use the reference provided. The paper should be 5-7 pages, using a minimum of 5 credible and scholarly sources that compare and contrast the political theories of two philosophers. The paper should examine a modern political issue and apply the philosophy of both philosophers. Use APA format and citation when writing your paper.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The intersection of political philosophy and contemporary issues offers profound insights into ongoing governance debates and societal challenges. To analyze such issues effectively, it is essential to compare and contrast the theories of influential philosophers whose ideas continue to shape political discourse. This paper explores the political theories of John Locke and Karl Marx, applying their philosophies to the modern political issue of economic inequality. By examining their foundational concepts and principles, the paper aims to elucidate how their ideas inform current debates on wealth distribution, social justice, and governmental intervention.

Philosophical Foundations of Locke and Marx

John Locke (1632–1704), often regarded as a founder of liberal political philosophy, emphasized individual rights, private property, and limited government. His theory of natural rights asserts that individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property that must be protected by the state (Locke, 1689). Locke’s social contract theory advocates for a government that derives its authority from the consent of the governed, primarily to safeguard these rights. His ideas underpin classical liberalism and form the basis for modern notions of democracy and individual liberty.

In contrast, Karl Marx (1818–1883) developed a radical critique of capitalism, emphasizing class struggle and economic determinism. Marx argued that economic modes of production shape social relations and that history is a series of class conflicts resulting from the exploitation inherent in capitalist systems (Marx, 1867). Marx envisioned a revolutionary overthrow of capitalism, leading to a classless society where means of production are communally owned. His focus on social justice, economic equality, and collective ownership provides a stark contrast to Locke’s emphasis on individual rights and private property.

Application to Modern Political Issue: Economic Inequality

Economic inequality has become a defining issue in contemporary politics, leading to debates about wealth redistribution, social mobility, and government intervention. Locke’s philosophy suggests that private property rights and individual liberty should be protected; however, his theories also imply that inequalities might occur naturally and be justified as a result of individual effort. Locke’s support for capitalism and private property might thus defend existing disparities, emphasizing voluntary exchange and meritocracy (Tucker, 2010).

Conversely, Marx’s critique frames economic inequality as a result of systemic exploitation, emphasizing the need for redistributive policies and collective ownership. Marx advocates for the abolition of private property as a means of achieving social equity, arguing that capitalism inherently benefits a ruling class at the expense of workers (Marx & Engels, 1848). Applying Marx’s theory to modern issues involves advocating for policies such as progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and reforms aimed at reducing economic disparities.

Comparison and Contrast of Philosophical Approaches

While Locke’s approach prioritizes individual rights and limited government as a safeguard of liberty, Marx emphasizes the role of institutions in perpetuating inequality and advocates for radical restructuring of society. Locke’s focus on consent and property rights underscores a free-market approach, whereas Marx’s emphasis on class struggle calls for revolutionary change. The empirical basis of Locke’s liberalism supports policies promoting free enterprise, whereas Marx’s revolutionary perspective justifies systemic reformation to address structural inequalities.

Both philosophies recognize the importance of equity—Locke through the protection of property rights, Marx through the redistribution of resources—yet they differ fundamentally in methods and visions for society. Contemporary policies can be seen as a hybrid, influenced by both philosophies, with social democracies blending free-market principles with social safety nets to address inequality while maintaining individual freedoms.

Critical Analysis and Evaluation

The application of Locke’s philosophy to modern economic issues underscores the importance of protecting individual rights and free enterprise but raises concerns about the potential neglect of systemic inequality. Critics argue that unregulated capitalism can exacerbate disparities, which Locke’s framework may implicitly justify. Conversely, Marx’s critique offers a compelling argument for systemic reform; however, implementing a Marxist-inspired system raises questions about individual freedoms and economic efficiency.

The relevance of Locke’s theories in liberal democracies is evident in constitutional protections and market-based economies, while Marx’s ideas significantly influence social movements advocating for economic justice (Harvey, 2005). The challenge lies in balancing individual liberties with societal needs—a tension that remains central to contemporary political discourse.

Conclusion

The comparison of Locke and Marx provides valuable perspectives for understanding modern political issues such as economic inequality. Locke’s emphasis on individual rights and limited government justifies market-based systems, while Marx’s focus on class struggle and systemic change highlights the importance of addressing structural disparities. A nuanced approach that considers both philosophies can inform policies fostering economic opportunity while safeguarding social justice. Ultimately, reconciling these theories remains a fundamental challenge for policymakers committed to building equitable and free societies.

References

- Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.

- Locke, J. (1689). Two treatises of government. Awnsham Churchill.

- Marx, K. (1867). Das Kapital. Verlag von Otto Meissner.

- Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Classics.

- Tucker, R. C. (2010). Freedom, sovereignty, and the state: Hugo Grotius and the origins of international law. Cambridge University Press.

- Additional scholarly sources to be included as per the project requirements.