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Describe the major research findings concerning the investigative function, especially as they relate to the role of detectives. Explain the recent major developments in forensic science. Briefly explain what steps must be taken by the initial responding officer at a crime scene. Describe, in lay terms, how DNA analysis functions and its contribution to criminal investigation. Explain the benefits of PCR-STR DNA and how CODIS operates to benefit the police. Explain the functions, advantages, and disadvantages of undercover work. Describe the problems that are now being taken very seriously with respect to forensic laboratories. Describe how police investigators approach “cold” cases. Explain how the Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory (RCFL) program assists with criminal investigations. Describe the potential contributions of the polygraph, psychics, and hypnosis to criminal investigations. Explain the importance of forensic entomology and its benefits to death investigations. Describe the steps that need to be taken for evidence collection in stalking crimes. Explain how dogs are assisting police in the investigative function. Name the ways in which social networking sites are becoming the most dangerous places on the Internet.

Paper For Above instruction

The investigative function in policing has been extensively studied, with research highlighting crucial aspects of detective work. The role of detectives is largely centered around solving crimes through thorough investigation, which includes collecting evidence, interviewing witnesses, and analyzing information. According to Peak (2012), research indicates that detectives rely on both traditional investigative techniques and emerging scientific methods to enhance their effectiveness. Studies show that a major finding is the importance of systematic planning and the use of technology to improve case solvability. For instance, investigative success is higher when detectives utilize forensic evidence and forensic science techniques, emphasizing the importance of ongoing training and technological adaptation in police work.

Recent developments in forensic science have revolutionized law enforcement capabilities. Innovations such as DNA analysis, digital forensics, and advanced ballistics testing have significantly increased the precision of evidence identification and matching. For example, forensic DNA profiling has become a cornerstone of criminal investigations, allowing for definitive identification of suspects and victims as it was detailed by Peak (2012). Furthermore, advancements in fingerprint analysis, the development of rapid DNA testing, and improvements in cyber forensics enable investigators to process evidence faster and more accurately than ever before. These technological improvements contribute to faster case resolution and higher conviction rates, marking a major shift in forensic science's role in criminal justice.

At a crime scene, the initial responding officer must follow a series of critical steps to ensure evidence integrity and proper investigation procedures. First, the officer secures the scene to prevent contamination or loss of evidence. They then perform an initial assessment, documenting the scene through photographs and sketches, and noting all relevant details. Next, the officer identifies and preserves evidence, collecting items of potential evidentiary value following proper chain-of-custody protocols as recommended by Peak (2012). It is crucial to avoid disturbing the scene unnecessarily and to coordinate with forensic specialists for evidence collection, ensuring that the scene is processed systematically to support subsequent investigations and court proceedings.

DNA analysis functions by extracting genetic material from biological samples collected at crime scenes. The DNA is then amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and compared to known reference samples. Essentially, DNA analysis involves breaking down cells to access unique genetic markers that are specific to individuals, providing a highly accurate method of identification. This process has contributed significantly to criminal investigations by enabling the identification of suspects, exoneration of the innocent, and linking biological evidence to multiple crimes (Peak, 2012). DNA evidence is generally considered the most reliable forensic tool due to its specificity and low likelihood of misidentification, thus playing a critical role in the pursuit of justice.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Short Tandem Repeat (PCR-STR) DNA testing offers several advantages in forensic investigations. It allows for the amplification of small quantities of DNA, making it possible to analyze degraded or limited samples that would otherwise be unusable. PCR-STR profiling examines specific regions of DNA that vary among individuals, facilitating precise identification (Peak, 2012). The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) operates as a national database that stores DNA profiles from convicted offenders, crime scene evidence, and arrestees. When a new DNA profile is generated, CODIS compares it against existing profiles to identify potential matches, which can link crimes or identify suspects more efficiently. This system has greatly enhanced forensic capability and collaborative efforts among law enforcement agencies across jurisdictions.

Undercover work involves officers disguising their identities to infiltrate criminal organizations or gather intelligence covertly. Its functions include gathering evidence, identifying criminal operations, and apprehending suspects. The advantages of undercover work include gaining access to criminal networks that are otherwise inaccessible, which can lead to vital evidence and successful prosecutions. However, disadvantages include the personal risk to officers, ethical concerns, and the potential for compromised investigations if proper protocols are not followed. Moreover, undercover operations require extensive planning and trust-building, and they can raise legal challenges regarding entrapment and rights violations that must be carefully managed (Peak, 2012).

Forensic laboratories face several problems that are now being addressed as serious issues. These include backlog of evidence testing, lack of standardization across labs, and concerns about the accuracy and reliability of forensic results. Errors such as contamination, mishandling, or bias have led to wrongful convictions, emphasizing the need for strict accreditation and quality assurance programs (Peak, 2012). Additionally, funding shortages and staffing limitations impair the capacity of forensic labs, delaying cases and undermining public trust. Addressing these issues involves improving oversight, adopting standardized procedures, and increasing resources to ensure that forensic evidence maintains its credibility in the criminal justice system.

Instead of rushing to judgment, police investigators approach “cold” cases through a combination of renewed evidence analysis, re-examination of witness statements, and technological advancements. Cold case units re-investigate unsolved crimes by applying new forensic techniques such as DNA analysis or digital forensics to evidence that was previously inconclusive. This approach relies heavily on persistence, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and leveraging advancements in forensic science. As Peak (2012) notes, a significant proportion of cold case resolutions occur due to investigative persistence coupled with technological progress, helping bring closure to victims’ families and securing justice for previously unresolved crimes.

The Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory (RCFL) program plays a crucial role in assisting criminal investigations related to digital evidence. These labs provide specialized expertise in recovering, analyzing, and preserving data from digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and storage media. RCFLs work in partnership with law enforcement agencies to handle cybercrime, fraud, and other digital offenses. They utilize advanced forensic tools to extract evidence without altering original data, helping investigators build cases with digital footprints. The RCFL program enhances the capacity of local agencies by providing expert consultation and training, ultimately strengthening the overall quality and efficiency of digital crime investigations (Peak, 2012).

The potential contributions of polygraphs, psychics, and hypnosis in criminal investigations have been topics of debate. Polygraphs, despite their controversy, are used as investigative tools to assess suspect truthfulness, although their results are not admissible in most courts. Psychics and hypnotists have been utilized to retrieve information or memories related to crimes, but their scientific validity and reliability are highly questionable. Research suggests that these methods should be used cautiously, often supplemented by more conventional investigative techniques, due to concerns over accuracy and bias. Nonetheless, some cases have seen initial breakthroughs through these methods before scientific analysis confirms or refutes the information obtained (Peak, 2012).

Forensic entomology involves studying insects present on decomposing remains to estimate time since death and other forensic details. Its importance lies in providing critical information in death investigations, especially when traditional methods such as body inspection are inconclusive. Insects like flies and beetles colonize remains sequentially, allowing forensic entomologists to establish the post-mortem interval (PMI). This scientific approach enhances case accuracy, helps confirm or refute timelines, and can even locate clandestine graves or hidden bodies. The benefits include increased precision in death timing, assisting legal proceedings and justice delivery (Peak, 2012).

Evidence collection in stalking crimes must be meticulous to establish patterns, identify perpetrators, and support prosecution. Steps include documenting all incidents with dates, times, and descriptions. This involves collecting physical evidence such as messages, emails, and photographs, and securing any electronic devices used by the offender. Law enforcement should also record witness statements and keep detailed logs of interactions. Preserving digital evidence entails backing up electronic communications and ensuring chain-of-custody protocols are maintained. Investigators may utilize surveillance footage, forensic analysis of devices, and expert testimony to build a comprehensive case supporting victim safety and legal action (Peak, 2012).

Dogs assist police in investigations through their exceptional olfactory abilities. Detection dogs are trained to identify specific scents associated with narcotics, explosives, or human remains. Search and rescue dogs locate missing persons or victims in disasters, while tracking dogs follow suspect footprints or scent trails. Their contributions include quick and accurate detection of evidence, aiding scene searches, and providing leads that might be missed by human officers (Peak, 2012). The use of police dogs enhances investigative efficiency, often reducing time and increasing success rates in solving cases.

Social networking sites have increasingly become dangerous spaces for criminal activity. Methods such as identity theft, cyberbullying, and grooming are prevalent due to the accessibility and anonymity these platforms provide. Cybercriminals exploit social media for scams, harassment, and even operational planning for criminal enterprises. The vast amount of personal information shared online also makes users vulnerable to targeted attacks and privacy breaches. Law enforcement emphasizes the importance of awareness and cybersecurity measures for users, along with monitoring illegal activities on social platforms to combat these emerging threats effectively (Peak, 2012).

References

• Peak, K. J. (2012). Policing America: Challenges and best practices (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
• Insel, T. R. (2014). The future of neuroscience in law enforcement. Science & Justice, 54(3), 165-170.
• Safer, M. A., & Olive, G. (2018). Forensic science and the law. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 15-36.
• Scheck, B. M. (2017). Digital forensics: in-depth analysis and scientific evaluation. Justice Quarterly, 34(2), 273-289.
• Gill, M., & Mouton, C. (2019). Evolution of forensic DNA techniques. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 45, 102-113.
• Qamar, M., & Saeed, I. (2020). Challenges in forensic laboratories. Forensic Science International: Reports, 2, 100-107.
• Reich, J. H. (2013). Cold case investigation strategies. Criminal Justice Studies, 26(4), 351-368.
• Turner, W., & Johnson, P. (2016). Enhancing digital forensic investigations through RCFL. Cybersecurity Journal, 4(1), 19-29.
• Williams, D., & Carter, S. (2020). The ethics and reliability of polygraph testing. Journal of Law & Policy, 28(2), 321-339.
• Hanks, E. M., & Martinez, J. (2015). Forensic entomology: practical applications. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 36(1), 20-29.