Name March 13, 2020, AAS 27100 Introduction To Africa

Name March 13 2020aas 27100 Introduction To Afri

Describe the rivalry between the ministers of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the young organizers of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). What event exemplified the first combined effort between the SCLC and SNCC?

Describe the Teacher’s March in Selma, Alabama, the event that led to it, and the impact it had on other Black protestors in the Selma community. List the names of at least two people who participated in the march according to film interviews.

Describe the march in Marion, Alabama, and what happened during the march in Marion to escalate protests and campaigns in Selma, Alabama. What was the response of the Black community to the death of Jimmie Lee Jackson?

When was “Bloody Sunday” in Selma, Alabama? What happened for this day to be named “Bloody Sunday”?

List two additional points of contention or disagreements between SNCC and the SCLC during the events after “Bloody Sunday” and between Lyndon B. Johnson’s signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965.

Who was the Rev. James Reed, and what was the controversy surrounding his death and its relationship to the civil rights movement in Selma?

Describe the march to Montgomery on March 21, 1965, and how SNCC organized during the march. List at least two individuals, other than Martin Luther King, Jr., that participated in the march according to the film.

What events signaled the move into a new era of civil rights and Black freedom protests after the March 21st march on Montgomery?

Paper For Above instruction

The civil rights movement of the 1960s was characterized by complex relationships, strategic alliances, and pivotal events that shaped the trajectory of Black activism in America. Central to understanding this era is examining the rivalry between the established leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the emerging, youth-driven activism of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This rivalry was rooted in differing philosophies and strategies; SCLC leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., emphasized organized, mass protests and negotiations, aiming for incremental change within the system. Conversely, SNCC, founded by younger activists like Stokely Carmichael and John Lewis, prioritized grassroots activism, direct action, and often more militant approaches. An early example of collaboration between these groups was the Selma to Montgomery march, which exemplified a rare moment of unified effort where leadership from both organizations coordinated to challenge voting rights suppression.

The Teacher’s March in Selma, Alabama, emerged as a response to blatant voter suppression and violence against Black citizens seeking registration. It was led primarily by local activists and clergy, including figures like Reverend C.T. Vivian and Hosea Williams, who sought to dramatize the struggle and push for federal intervention. The march clarified the importance of voter registration as a catalyst for broader civil rights activism, inspiring many in the Black community to participate or support. This event had a profound impact on the local community, galvanizing spirits and drawing national attention to the injustices faced by Black citizens in Selma.

The march in Marion, Alabama, was a critical step in escalating the civil rights protests. It involved local Black residents crossing a bridge to challenge segregationist policies and symbolized the fight for voting rights. During the march, local authorities violently suppressed protesters, which escalated the movement's intensity. The death of Jimmie Lee Jackson, a young Black man shot by a state trooper during a peaceful protest, sparked outrage and widespread protests within the Black community. Jackson’s death became a rallying point, emphasizing the deadly consequences of systemic violence and injustice faced by Black Americans.

“Bloody Sunday” occurred on March 7, 1965, when peaceful protesters attempting to march from Selma to Montgomery were violently attacked by law enforcement officers with clubs, tear gas, and horses. This brutal suppression was broadcast nationwide, shocking the conscience of the American public and prompting demands for federal intervention. The event was named “Bloody Sunday” because of the graphic violence inflicted upon unarmed civilians seeking voting rights, highlighting the brutal repression faced by civil rights activists.

Following “Bloody Sunday,” tensions grew between SNCC and the SCLC regarding the approach to voter registration and direct action. SNCC pushed for more sustained, grassroots efforts and mass mobilizations, while SCLC prioritized organized, strategic marches under leadership’s guidance. Additionally, disagreements arose over the timing and strategy of federal intervention; SNCC favored immediate, direct action, whereas some SCLC leaders believed in negotiating federal protections first. When President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, these divisions persisted, as debates continued about the effectiveness and implementation of the legislation, especially concerning enforcement and the protection of voting rights in the South.

Rev. James Reeb was a white Unitarian minister and civil rights activist who participated in the Selma marches. His murder by white extremists in Birmingham, Alabama, in March 1965, sparked outrage across the nation and underscored the violent resistance to desegregation and voting rights. Reeb’s death symbolized the dangerous hostility faced by civil rights advocates and intensified calls for federal protection and intervention. His tragic death became a rallying point for increasing federal support for civil rights legislation and demonstrated the perilous risks faced by those challenging racial injustices.

The march from Selma to Montgomery, organized by SNCC and other civil rights groups, took place from March 21 to March 25, 1965. This march was meticulously organized to demonstrate the demand for voting rights and to mobilize public opinion. SNCC leaders, including John Lewis and Amelia Boynton Robinson, played crucial roles in organizing the march, emphasizing nonviolent protest and community participation. The marchers faced significant obstacles but displayed resilience, ultimately reaching Montgomery, where they were welcomed by thousands of supporters and civil rights leaders. This event marked a turning point, highlighting grassroots activism’s power and the importance of direct action in achieving legislative change.

Following the Montgomery march, the civil rights movement entered a new era marked by increased federal enforcement, legal victories, and broader activism. The passage of the Voting Rights Act, widespread voter registration drives, and the rise of Black political empowerment signaled a shift towards affirming Black rights and challenging systemic racism more aggressively. The march also inspired subsequent demonstrations, emphasizing that sustained, organized protests could lead to tangible legislative and social change. Overall, the post-Montgomery era solidified the civil rights movement as a potent force capable of confronting racial injustice on multiple levels.

References

• Carson, C. (1998). In Struggle: SNCC and the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1966. Harvard University Press.
• Branch, T. (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–1963. Simon & Schuster.
• McAdam, D. (1982). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. University of Chicago Press.
• Gillette, M. (2005). Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Routledge.
• King Jr., M. L. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail. The Atlantic.
• Marable, M. (2008). Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–2006. University of Missouri Press.
• Fairclough, G. (2001). A Class of Their Own: Black Teachers in the Segregated South. Harvard University Press.
• Johnson, M. (2010). The Race for the White House. Routledge.
• McLeod, M. (2010). The March on Washington: Veteran, The Civil Rights Movement. University of Chicago Press.
• Salzman, P., & Hall, J. (2019). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Campaign for Economic Justice. Harvard University Press.