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Discuss Sigmund Freud giving his practical application of determinism within his psychological field? just to make sure you're doing #3) Discuss the teleological views expressed by utilitarianism. #4)Discuss the deontological views expressed by Kantian ethics KEEP IN MIND:: One page each shows that you understood the subject ,AND PLEASE PLEASE NO NO NO NO DOUBLE SPACES.....!!!!

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Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, is renowned for integrating the concept of determinism into his psychological theories. Determinism, in essence, suggests that all mental processes and behaviors are determined by prior causes, leaving little room for free will. Freud's practical application of determinism is evident in his understanding of the human psyche, where unconscious motives, early childhood experiences, and biological drives shape an individual's personality and actions (Freud, 1923). Freud posited that much of human behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts and repressed desires, which are determined by earlier life experiences and innate drives such as libido and aggression. This deterministic perspective has profound implications for psychotherapy; it implies that understanding these unconscious determinants enables clinicians to address maladaptive behaviors effectively. Freud's emphasis on uncovering unconscious motives underscores his belief that our conscious choices are heavily influenced, if not entirely dictated, by underlying deterministic forces (Freud, 1915). This perspective challenges notions of free will and emphasizes the importance of exploring past influences to understand present behavior, making his approach both scientifically grounded and practically applicable within clinical settings.

Moving to ethical theories, utilitarianism exemplifies teleological ethics, which evaluate the morality of actions based on their consequences or outcomes. The core principle of utilitarianism is that an action is morally right if it maximizes overall happiness or utility and minimizes suffering (Bentham, 1789). This consequentialist framework prioritizes the end results, often weighing costs and benefits to determine ethical correctness. For instance, a utilitarian policymaker might advocate for policies that produce the greatest good for the greatest number, even if some individuals are disadvantaged (Mill, 1863). The strength of utilitarianism lies in its straightforwardness and flexibility, allowing for pragmatic decision-making across diverse situations. However, it also faces criticisms, such as potentially justifying harmful actions if they lead to a net positive outcome, thus raising questions about justice and individual rights. Despite these critiques, utilitarianism remains influential in fields like public policy, economics, and bioethics, where assessing the overall impact of actions is vital (Singer, 2011).

In contrast, Immanuel Kant’s deontological ethics centers on duty and moral principles rather than consequences. Kantian ethics asserts that moral actions are performed out of a sense of duty, guided by a rational moral law known as the categorical imperative (Kant, 1785). The categorical imperative requires individuals to act only according to maxims that can be universally justified and to treat others as ends rather than merely as means (Kant, 1785). This approach emphasizes moral consistency and the intrinsic worth of individuals, independent of outcomes. For example, Kant argued that lying is inherently wrong, regardless of the potential benefits or harm it might prevent, because lying violates the principle of truthfulness and respect for persons. Kant’s deontological framework underpins many contemporary ethical discussions by insisting that moral actions must adhere to universalizable principles and respect individual autonomy (Wood, 2008). Critics, however, contend that strict adherence to duty can lead to rigid moral judgments that overlook complex human circumstances. Nonetheless, Kantian ethics profoundly influence modern notions of justice, human rights, and moral responsibility.

References

• Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Clarendon Press.
• Freud, S. (1915). The Unconscious. Standard Edition, 14, 159-215.
• Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id. Standard Edition, 19, 12-66.
• Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. (H. J. Paton, Trans.). Harper & Row, 1964.
• Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. Parker, Son, and Bourn.
• Singer, P. (2011). Practical Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
• Wood, A. W. (2008). Kant’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press.