New Assignment Psy 480 Instructions Please Answer The Follow

New Assignment Psy 480instructions Please Answer The Following Qu

New Assignment - PSY 480 INSTRUCTIONS: Please, answer the following question(s) 1.14, 1.18, 1.36, 2.28, 2.38, 3.33, and 3..14 The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase. (See the instructions in Exercise 1.13.) Identify the incorrect word or phrase in each of the following statements and supply the correct word. a. A researcher examined the effect of the ordinal variable "gender" on the scale variable "hours of reality television watched per week." b. A psychologist used a between-groups design to study the effects of an independent variable (a workout video) on the dependent variable (the weight) of a group of undergraduate students before and after viewing the video. c. In a study on the effects of the confounding variable of noise level on the dependent variable of memory, researchers were concerned that the memory measure was not valid. d. A researcher studied a population of 20 rats to determine whether changes in exposure to light would lead to changes in the dependent variable of amount of sleep.

Paper For Above instruction

The provided statements contain several conceptual inaccuracies related to research design, variables, and validity in psychological research. Correcting these statements requires a nuanced understanding of the types of variables, research methodologies, and the principles underlying measurement validity. This paper aims to identify the inaccuracies in each statement and provide the correct terminology or conceptual framework, thereby enhancing clarity regarding research constructs and procedures.

Analysis of Each Statement and Corrected Interpretations

Statement a: "A researcher examined the effect of the ordinal variable 'gender' on the scale variable 'hours of reality television watched per week.'"

This statement incorrectly posits that "gender" is an ordinal variable, which can be contestable depending on how gender is measured, but more critically, considering the effect being examined, stating "effect of" might imply a causal relationship. Additionally, the directional keyword "effect" suggests causality, which cannot be established necessarily in such a design unless it is an experimental study.

More significantly, the key issue here is the classification of "gender" as an ordinal variable. Typically, gender is a nominal variable because categories like male, female, or other gender identities do not possess a natural order, although some classifications might treat gender identity or expression as ordinal in specific contexts. However, conventional measurement treats gender as nominal. The main correction is understanding that "gender" is a nominal variable, not ordinal.

Hence, the correct phrasing should be: "A researcher examined the effect of the nominal variable 'gender' on the scale variable 'hours of reality television watched per week.'"

Statement b: "A psychologist used a between-groups design to study the effects of an independent variable (a workout video) on the dependent variable (the weight) of a group of undergraduate students before and after viewing the video."

This statement contains a conceptual inconsistency. A between-groups design compares different groups to examine the effect of an independent variable, but the description indicates measuring the same participants before and after viewing, which is characteristic of a within-subjects or repeated-measures design.

Therefore, the appropriate correction is to specify that the design is a within-subjects or repeated-measures design, not a between-groups design, unless distinct groups are involved.

The corrected statement: "A psychologist used a within-subjects design to study the effects of a workout video on the weight of undergraduate students, measuring each student's weight before and after viewing the video."

Statement c: "In a study on the effects of the confounding variable of noise level on the dependent variable of memory, researchers were concerned that the memory measure was not valid."

This statement misattributes the concern for validity to the memory measure concerning the confounding variable of noise level. The primary concern is likely about the measurement validity of the memory variable in the context of the confound—noise level affecting the accuracy or appropriateness of the memory measure.

The issue here is that validity relates to whether the measure accurately captures the construct of interest. When a confounding variable impacts the measurement or the interpretation of the dependent variable, researchers must assess the construct validity or measurement validity of that variable. If the noise level affects how memory is assessed or perceived, the validity of the measurement is compromised.

The correction: "In a study on the effects of the confounding variable of noise level on the dependent variable of memory, researchers were concerned that the measurement validity of the memory test was compromised."

Statement d: "A researcher studied a population of 20 rats to determine whether changes in exposure to light would lead to changes in the dependent variable of amount of sleep."

This statement is generally accurate but lacks specificity regarding the research design. The key point is that studying 20 rats to examine the effect of light exposure on sleep is a typical experimental or observational animal study, assuming that exposure to light is manipulated or measured in relation to sleep behavior.

However, to make this statement clearer and more precise, noting that the dependent variable "amount of sleep" is being influenced by manipulation or observation of light exposure would clarify the study's causal or correlational nature.

Corrected: "A researcher conducted an experimental study with 20 rats to examine whether changes in exposure to light influence the amount of sleep."

Conclusion

In summation, the analysis of these statements highlights common misconceptions in research terminology, classification of variables, and experimental design. Recognizing the nominal versus ordinal distinction for variables such as gender is vital for accurate statistical analysis and interpretation. Clarifying whether a study employs a between-groups or within-subjects design prevents misclassification of the methodology and ensures appropriate conclusions. Furthermore, understanding the importance of measurement validity, especially in the presence of confounding variables, is crucial to maintaining the integrity of research findings. Lastly, precise descriptions of experiments involving animals under controlled conditions help delineate the causal inferences that can be drawn from such studies.

References

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