Operating Systems Week 2 Lecture - Valley College Phil Thac

Operating Systemsweek 2 Lecturecsy125valley Collegephil Thackeremail

Operating Systems Week 2 Lecture CSY125 Valley College Phil Thacker [email protected] 310.892. Week 2 Learning Objectives Installing Operating Systems Devices & Device Drivers Storage Technologies Virtualization and Cloud Computing Fundamentals Stages of deploying a new OS Preparation Identify OS media & licensing Verifying hardware and hardware driver compatibility Determining which elements of OS to be installed Conducting a test upgrade Installation Backing up the OSs before starting Running the installation program Copying OS files to your computer Configuring devices and drivers Post Configuration Restarting the system and finalizing configuration of devices Check & download updates/patches for OS Training for users and/or administrators Clean installation – on a computer that either has no OS or on a computer that has an OS that will be overwritten by the installation Upgrade installation – on a computer that already has an earlier version of the operating system Most OSs have the Plug and Play (PnP) feature that automatically configures internal and external devices as part of the installation Even with PnP-capable OSs You may have to configure devices to work optimally with the OS Preparing for installation involves Making sure the computer meets or exceeds the minimum requirements The speed and type of CPU The amount of memory The amount of free disk space Ensuring that all equipment is operating correctly Having all OS installation media available Understanding the general features of the OS you are installing so you can decide which modules to install or omit Having device drivers that might not be included with the OS installation files Having accurate information available about your computer and peripheral devices Being aware of network environment in which you are installing the OS Installing an OS Where (in which drive, folder, or path) to install the OS and what to name the folder that contains the OS What type of installation you wish to perform (Custom or Upgrade) Information about you, your company, and your computer (computer or workgroup name) Licensing information verifying your right to install the OS Which components of the OS you want to install Post Install/Upgrade: After installation, keep the product key, ID number or activation number in a safe place The installation consists of some of the following general functions: Running the installation program Gathering system information Determining which elements of OS to be installed Copying OS files to your computer Configuring devices and drivers Restarting the system and finalizing configuration of devices 3 Preparation Installation Configuration Preparing to install Client OS Verify Minimum OS Requirements: CPU, RAM, Storage & Network Confirm Hardware is properly functioning (e.g. keyboard, mouse) Installation Media on hand (e.g. DVD or USB drive) Device Drivers: You may need to install if you have unusual peripherals Storage Configuration: Make sure you install OS on target partitions Username/Password: local admin or superuser credentials are good Network Environment: IP address connected to LAN for automatic updates or PnP Virtual Machine Installs: Use similar checklist after you create the VM on your workstation, but no need to check hardware functionality and most installs are performed from network resources. Preparing for an Upgrade or Migration Deciding to Upgrade or Migrate Do you or your organization need new functionality that may come with an upgrade? Objective analysis of the situation may show that an upgrade or migration might not be cost effective However, you may want to upgrade to newer hardware for warranty, performance, and reliability; your old OS may not support the new hardware features Experience has also shown that it is best not to upgrade/migrate shortly after a new OS is released A migration may be necessary: When you find that your current OS version does not support new software or certain devices you want to use Older OSs don’t have new security features required for safer network and Internet access 4 Preparing to install Server OS WINDOWS SERVER: Server Role: determines required services such as DNS, DHCP, Active Directory, etc) Hardware Requirements: CPU, Disk Subsystem, Memory, Hot-add/Host-add features Design: ServerName, IP Addressing scheme, timezone, Domain/Workgroup setup WindowServer Edition: Datacenter, Standard, Essentials editions LINUX/UNIX SERVER: Similar to Windows: Role, Hardware, Design components Distribution: Choose which LINUX kernel and software package to meet Server role MacOS SERVER: Apple no longer provides MacOS Server Add-on after OSX 10.6 Snow Leopard (2009) Preparing for an Upgrade or Migration Deciding to Upgrade or Migrate Do you or your organization need new functionality that may come with an upgrade? Objective analysis of the situation may show that an upgrade or migration might not be cost effective However, you may want to upgrade to newer hardware for warranty, performance, and reliability; your old OS may not support the new hardware features Experience has also shown that it is best not to upgrade/migrate shortly after a new OS is released A migration may be necessary: When you find that your current OS version does not support new software or certain devices you want to use Older OSs don’t have new security features required for safer network and Internet access 5 Installing Operating Systems Make a Backup Prior to Migrating to new OS Close all open windows and save files to DVD, an external drive or other media Ensure you have the software to restore the backups under the new and old OS LINUX upgrades overwrite config files such as (email, print, windows & network), backups are important. Perform operating system installations or upgrade: Clean installation – on a computer that either has no OS or on a computer that has an OS that will be overwritten by the installation Upgrade installation – on a computer that already has an earlier version of the operating system Post Install/Upgrade: Reboot OS: Confirm functionality Check for Updates/Patches: Apply OS bug fixes, security patches and device drivers W CompTIA Objective 1.2 – Given a scenario, install Windows PC operating systems using appropriate methods Migrating to a New OS Even with PnP-capable OSs, You may have to configure devices to work optimally with the OS 6 Input/Output Devices An OS handles input and output device communications through device drivers (software) and hardware usually provided by device manufacturer Device drivers are often provided with an OS, but the most up-to-date device drivers come directly form each device manufacturer I/O Device Categories Random-Access: Allows access to any location of device storage (Disk Drives & RAM) Sequential-Access: Must access storage from start of register (Serial Ports, tape drives, NICs) Character-Stream: Device that transfers data one byte at a time (keyboards, mice, serial ports, sound cards) Block Device: Transfers data in blocks, usually at a fixed size (storage devices, disk drives) CompTIA Objective 1.12 Install and configure common peripheral devices. A bad device driver could not only render your device useless, but it can lock up your system. 7 Driver & Printer Installations Windows OS Plug and Play (PnP): usually first option for “check updates” Windows Wizard: Use when PnP fails Device Manager: Use to install, update, or rollback a device driver Printers: Use the Add Printer Wizard to walk through printer driver install process Linux Driver Installs Device Special Files: Add file to the /dev folder using the mknod command 3 Special Files: Block special files, Character special files, Named pipes (internal communications) Printers: printtool (Fedora Linux) is common tool/module to install Printers: Use Printer Setup Utility in MacOS for driver installation PnP: MacOS comes with drivers for most hardware so simply attach hardware and reboot system DVD/Software download: When PnP fails Printers: Printer Setup Utility in MacOS 8 Using & Configuring Storage Devices Most uses of computer storage: Operating system files User applications User documents Shared file systems Virtual memory Log files Virtual machines Database storage Four categories of storage access methods: Local storage – HDD v SSD – Direct connectivity computer system board Direct-attached storage (DAS) – Device connected via external bus interface Network-attached storage (NAS) – Stand-alone appliance on the Network Storage area network (SAN) – Large Storage array with high-speed network Cloud storage Some or all of an organization’s data is stored on servers located offsite and maintained by a storage hosting company Customers can manage storage by assigning permissions for user access Details of managing and backing up storage on local servers are offloaded to a third party Figure 7-1 A storage area network CompTIA Obj 1.5 Install and configure storage devices and use appropriate media. Local storage - storage media with a direct, exclusive connection to the computer’s system board through a disk controller Almost always inside the computer’s case Usually refers to HDDs or SDDs instead of CD/DVDs (Hard Disk Drive v Solid State Drive) Provides rapid and exclusive access Disadvantage: only the system where it’s installed has direct access to the storage medium Direct-attached storage (DAS) - similar to local storage but can also refer to one or more HDDs in an enclosure with its own power supply A DAS device with its own enclosure and power supply can usually be configured as a disk array Such as a RAID configuration Some DAS have multiple interfaces so that more than one computer can access the storage medium simultaneously Network-attached storage (NAS) - has an enclosure, power supply, slots for multiple HDDs, a network interface, and a built-in OS tailored for managing shared storage Sometimes referred to as a storage appliance NAS is typically dedicated to file sharing NAS shares files through standard network protocols such as: Server Message Block(SMB), Network File System (NFS), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Storage area network (SAN) - uses high-speed networking technologies to give servers fast access to large amounts of shared disk storage Most common network technologies used in SANs are Fibre Channel and iSCSI SANS use the concept of logical unit number (LUN) to identify a unit of storage LUN is a logical reference point to a unit of storage that could refer to an entire array of disks, a single disk, or just part of a disk Cloud Storage: Examples: Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive and Google Drive 9 Tape Storage - Often used for Disaster Recovery or Business Continuity Purposes with offsite storage Tape backup systems are a traditional choice for backing up large amounts of data With disk drives growing into terabytes, tape drive technology is continuing to evolve in order to keep up Tapes and Tape Drives Use magnetic storage and record data in sequential order Disadvantage – to find a file near the end of the tape, drive must first go through all of the data recorded prior to that file Most popular for long-term storage With disk drives growing into terabytes, tape drive technology is continuing to evolve in order to keep up DAT Drives – 4mm Digital Audio Tape for archival up to 10 years Uses digital data storage (DDS) format Current standard is DDS-5 – storage capacity of 36 GB (72 GB compressed) Still used for audio recordings, but use for data storage is mostly replaced by other technologies DLT Drives – Half-inch wide Digital Linear Tape Record data in tracks Offers a high-speed search capability Used in many automated tape backup systems SDLT Drives – Super digital linear tape Use both magnetic and optical recording methods Laser technology can more accurately write data to the tape and allows for greater density of information DLT/SDLT have an archival life of up to 30 years AIT Drives – Advanced intelligent tape (AIT) Used mainly in midrange servers Tapes have an erasable memory chip inside the cartridge that stores information normally written at the beginning of the tape Can fast forward and pinpoint information faster S-AIT Drives – Super advanced intelligent tape Has a capacity of 500 GB/1.3 TB (native/compressed) Both of these drives can sustain up to 30,000 tape passes and have an archival life of 30 years LTO Drives – Linear tape open Most widely accepted in high-end servers (because of high-speed performance) Standards are open to the public and are nonproprietary Fast data transfer speed up to 240 MBps (noncompressed data) and 120 MBps (compressed data) Can sustain up to 260 tape passes and have an archival life of 15-30 years 10 Ch 8 Virtualization & Cloud Computing Virtualization - Process that creates a software environment to emulate a computer’s hardware and BIOS, allowing multiple OSs to run on the same physical computer at the same time Common Terms: Virtual Machine (VM) – virtual environment that emulates a physical computer Virtual Disk – consists of files on host computer that represents VM hard drvie HyperVisor – software that enables multiple VMs to share physical hardware resource: Type 1 -Bare-metal virtualization products are targeted mainly for production virtualization in data centers using products such as Citrix XenServer or VMware vSphere. Type 2 -Hosted virtualization products are installed on a desktop OS and include VMware Workstation, Virtual PC, and VirtualBox CompTIA Objective 2.2 – Given a scenario, setup and use client-side virtualization Hosted Virtualization Has an advantage of supporting a wider variety of guest OSs because there are few incompatibility problems between the guest OS and hardware Easy and straightforward to use Just install the software on your computer and begin creating virtual machines Only hardware requirement is enough memory to support the host and guest OSs, adequate CPU power, and enough space to store the virtual disk Well known hosted virtualization products: VMware Workstation Pro VMware Workstation Player Microsoft Virtual PC VirtualBox Bare-Metal Virtualization Applications Consolidate servers Retire old or unreliable hardware: converting physical machines to VMs Make optimal use of multicore, high-performance servers Maintain application separation Reclaim rack or floor space Reduce cooling and power requirements Bare-Metal Virtualization Products Citrix XenServer – Uses Linux as a management OS on the host A XenServer host computer requires a 64-bit CPU with virtualization extensions to run Windows guest OSs VMware vSphere – includes VMware ESX Server, which is installed directly on the physical server without a management OS Most configuration tasks are performed from a remote client OS using vSphere Client Cloud Computing Benefits: Reduced physical plant costs Reduced upfront costs Reduced personnel costs Three main categories of cloud computing: SaaS - also called “hosted applications†or “on-demand applications†Most well-known example is Google Apps and Microsoft Office 365 Usually offered as a subscription based on the number of users Customers can take advantage of new software editions much faster Available anywhere the customer has a connection to the Internet PaaS – also called “hosted platform†and is similar to SaaS, but customer develops applications with the service provider’s tool and infrastructure Customer develops and owns the application and then delivers it to a third party The most common PaaS products are: Salesforce.com’s Apex Azure for Windows Google’s AppEngine for Python and Java WaveMaker for Ajax Engine Yard for Ruby on Rails IaaS – also called “hosted infrastructureâ€, it allows a company to use storage or entire virtual servers If a customer needs another 100 GB of storage space they can pay for the space without worrying about how that space is actually provided If a customer needs another server they pay for the amount of processing and storage the additional server actually requires Customers rent the resources they are using Private Cloud Versus Public Cloud Private cloud services When a company delivers cloud services to their own employees through the use of virtualization technologies Deployed from the company’s own data center Examples of virtualization technologies: VMware and Microsoft Hyper-V Public cloud services Cloud services delivered by a third-party provider 12 Week 2: Summary Review of Objectives: Configuring operating Systems & Hardware Process Management Hardware I/O Options Storage Technologies Virtualization and Cloud Overview Reading: Chapter 5-8, Lecture & PowerPoint Slides Ch5: , Ch6: Ch7: Ch8: , , Instructor Contact: Phil Thacker, [email protected] or 310.892. image1.jpeg image2.jpg image3.jpg image4.png image5.jpeg image6.jpeg image7.png image8.png image9.png

Paper For Above instruction

The deployment and management of operating systems (OS) have become increasingly sophisticated, encompassing numerous stages from initial preparation to post-installation maintenance. This paper explores the critical aspects of installing operating systems, assessing hardware compatibility, managing device drivers, storage technologies, and the role of virtualization and cloud computing in modern IT environments. Emphasizing systematic procedures, best practices, and technological considerations, this discussion aims to provide an in-depth understanding suitable for IT professionals and administrators.

Introduction

Operating systems serve as a foundational platform that manages hardware resources and provides services for application software. The process of installing or upgrading an OS is pivotal to ensuring system stability, security, and performance. Proper planning, preparation, and execution are essential, especially given the diverse hardware environments and technological requirements involved in contemporary computing.

Preparation for OS Installation

Effective OS deployment begins with comprehensive preparation. This includes verifying hardware meets minimum requirements such as CPU speed, memory capacity, and available disk space. Compatibility checks for hardware components and drivers are vital to prevent post-installation issues. Ensuring that installation media—be it DVD, USB, or network sources—are available and functional is also crucial. Additionally, understanding the features of the OS to be installed allows administrators to select appropriate modules and drivers, especially when dealing with unique peripherals or specialized hardware.

Backup procedures are indispensable prior to any OS installation or upgrade. Creating reliable backups of existing data and system configurations safeguard against data loss due to installation failures or unforeseen complications. For Linux systems, backups include configuration files often overwritten during upgrades, emphasizing the importance of thorough data preservation. Critical to this step is ensuring the availability of driver software not included in default OS media, as well as verifying network configurations for remote installations or VM setups.

Types of OS Installation

Primarily, OS installation types include clean installs and upgrades. A clean installation involves erasing existing data and deploying a fresh OS, suitable for systems without valuable data or when migrating from incompatible versions. Conversely, upgrade installations retain existing files and settings, updating the OS while minimizing downtime. Both methods require careful planning to prevent data loss and ensure hardware compatibility, particularly regarding device drivers and driver updates.

During installation, administrators must specify destination drive, folder names, and network settings. Licensing verification—through product keys, activation numbers, or digital licenses—is necessary to authenticate legitimacy. Post-installation steps include activating the OS, installing updates, patches, and device drivers, as well as configuring network settings and user accounts.

Installing OS in Different Environments

Client OS installations typically follow standard procedures, requiring hardware verification, media readiness, and driver configurations. Special considerations exist for virtual machine (VM) setups, where hardware checks are less critical, but network resource access and VM configuration are emphasized. When preparing for an OS upgrade or migration, evaluating the need for new hardware or software functionalities guides decision-making. For instance, migrating to newer OS versions is essential when existing systems no longer support new applications or security features.

Server OS Deployment

Server OS deployment involves additional considerations, such as defining server roles (DNS, DHCP, Active Directory), and ensuring hardware meets increased demands for CPU, memory, and storage. Designing network configurations, including IP addressing and domain settings, is essential. Linux, Unix, and macOS servers have their own setup nuances; Linux distributions are chosen with compatible kernels and software packages aligned with server roles. MacOS servers, post-OS