Outline And Annotated Bibliography 849560

outline And Annotated Bibliography

Human conflict is an area of concern to many people and philosophers who have involved in significant analytic and research to explain its causes and reason of occurrence. This paper address this topic and all the aspects that concerns it. Outline 1. Introduction · Definition and explanation of human conflict · Explanation of its impact in society · Thesis statement 2. Literature review · The assessment of different literal sources that provide information concerning human conflict · Assessment of the main points and information that they provide about the topic. · Comparison of the provisions of these sources. 3. Theories that explain about human conflict · Analysis of every theory that address different aspects of human conflict · Assessment of what the theory explains about its origin, impact and means of prevention 4. Comparison of the different theories regarding human conflict · Comparing the provisions of human conflict theories. · Selecting the most credible theory from literal analysis 5. Evaluation of the causes of human conflict · What aspects of life causes conflict among humans · History of these causes · Impact of conflict among humans 6. Evaluation of the means to end conflict between human beings · Explanation of ways and means through which human conflict can be terminated 7. Conclusion Annotated Bibliography Bowles, S. (2008). Being human: Conflict: Altruism's midwife : International Journal of Science. Retrieved from This article provides the general information concerning human conflict and the different ways through which it affects human beings. The author explain that human conflict is among the oldest aspects of human beings that existed. Since the beginning of time, human conflict manifested in different ways among which include the different ways through which human interacted with each other. Since the source is a journal article in the topic of human conflict, it is therefore appropriate to provide information on the project. Its contribution will provide information regarding the different ways through which human conflict exist today, and the history of human conflict. Joanna, F. & Roderick, H. (2015). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Human Conflict . PubMe. Retrieved from This article provides information the different ways through which human conflict has contributed to the spread of a parasitic infection disease. The authors focus their explanation on the different ways through which the disease spreads and the main causes of this spread which they connect to aspects of human conflict. This article is a journal article, obtained from a medical journal. It will be appropriate to use in the project on the section of explaining the effect of human conflict to people. Ginges, J. & Atran, S. (2012). Religious and Sacred Imperatives in Human Conflict : Science. Retrieved from This source provides information regarding the different ways through which human conflict is interpreted by religious aspects and the means through which religion promotes human conflict. The authors focus on the means through which conflicts that occur in people are influenced by their religious beliefs. The article can only be obtained from the correction of peer reviewed sources and thus it’s a credible source to use in the project. It will contribute in provide clear explanations concerning the different causes of human conflict and possible ways through which it can be prevented. Danesh, H. (2011). Human Needs Theory, Conflict, and Peace : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from The article provides a clear analysis of the different theories that exists explaining about the human conflict and their causes. The author mainly focuses on Maslow’s human needs theory which explains about the hierarchy of need. The article is published in a peer reviewed journal, thus making it a completely credible source to provide information concerning this topic. In the project, it will provide information regarding the different ways through which different theories address the question of human conflict and help in the comparison of these theories. Acharya, K., Paudel, P., Neupane, P. & Kohl, M. (2016). Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Nepal: Patterns of Human Fatalities and Injuries Caused by Large Mammals : Francisco, California, US. Retrieved from This source provides information concerning the different ways through which humans conflict with animals and the negative impact that this conflict has on human beings. In most occasions, the human beings are the individuals who attain serious and fatal injuries from the animals that they conflict with. The article is published in an organizational website, which implies that it is a credible source that should be utilized to provide information concerning this topic on the project. It will provide significant information regarding the different ways through which human beings are impacted by conflict. References Acharya, K., Paudel, P., Neupane, P. & Kohl, M. (2016). Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Nepal: Patterns of Human Fatalities and Injuries Caused by Large Mammals : Francisco, California, US. Retrieved from Bowles, S. (2008). Being human: Conflict: Altruism's midwife : International Journal of Science. Retrieved from Danesh, H. (2011). Human Needs Theory, Conflict, and Peace : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from Ginges, J. & Atran, S. (2012). Religious and Sacred Imperatives in Human Conflict : Science. Retrieved from Joanna, F. & Roderick, H. (2015). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Human Conflict . PubMe. Retrieved from Announce Topic 3 Announce Topic Human conflict is always caused by such factors as poverty, inequality, injustice to mention a few. However, the political views between various philosophers differ particularly in the area of human conflict. Locke and Hobbes are two great philosophers who differ in terms of their political views specifically about the conflict. Lock believes that man is by nature a social creature whereas Hobbes tends to believe otherwise. In this case, he claims that man is not by nature social and could not exist without the power of the state. On the other hand, Locke claims that peace is the norm. Therefore he advocates that we should live in peace. Hobbies, however, believes that human beings can only distinguish good and bad by subjection of a common power. ( Bauman, & Briggs, 2003). According to Locke, in the state of nature the human beings are able to keep their promises and conform to their obligations. Human beings are also considered to know what is right or wrong. This being the case they are therefore capable of distinguishing between lawful and unlawful. This however means that they are capable of resolving conflicts. Hobbies on the contrary believe that people through their knowledge of objectives have weak resolution to such answers as to what is bad or wrong. Therefore human beings in their state of nature are not able to differentiate what is theirs and what is someone else’s. Both philosophers share some political views on the way of ending all conflict. They both believed that bad happening should be prevented. In this case, Hobbes supported unlimited power for the state with the aim of resolving the conflict. Similarly, Locke argues that if people whereabouts are not controlled, this will lead to conflict. Therefore he says that it is the duty of the state to curb such related conflicts. Even in modern world it the duty of the government to enact rules, policies to control conflicts in the society. This is because conflict is inevitable and to reduce its impact bad people should be punished by being subjected to justice. (Fridlund, 2014). References Bauman, R., & Briggs, C. L. (2003). Voices of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality (No. 21). Cambridge University Press. Fridlund, A. J. (2014). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view . Academic Press.

Paper For Above instruction

Human conflict remains a pervasive and complex phenomenon that has intrigued philosophers, social scientists, and policy makers throughout history. It manifests in various forms, ranging from interpersonal disputes to large-scale wars, and its causes are as diverse as its expressions. Analyzing the roots and manifestations of human conflict requires a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating historical, sociological, psychological, and philosophical perspectives. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of human conflict, including its definition, causes, theories explaining its origins, and ways to mitigate it.

Introduction

At its core, human conflict involves a clash of interests, values, or power between individuals or groups. It can be driven by competition for resources, differing beliefs, social inequalities, or unmet needs. Conflict significantly impacts societal stability, economic development, and interpersonal relationships. Understanding its underlying causes is essential for developing effective conflict resolution strategies. The thesis of this paper posits that human conflict is driven by complex interrelations of psychological needs, socio-political factors, and environmental influences, and that resolving it requires a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.

Literature Review

A variety of scholarly sources have addressed the origins and consequences of human conflict. Bowles (2008) emphasizes the longstanding presence of conflict in human history, illustrating how it manifests across cultures and epochs. His analysis underscores the innate aspects of human conflict and its evolutionary roots. Joanna and Roderick (2015) focus on the health impacts of conflict, exemplified by the spread of diseases like Leishmaniasis, which are exacerbated by war and displacement. Ginges and Atran (2012) explore the religious dimensions of conflict, demonstrating how sacred beliefs can both justify and intensify disputes, while Danesh (2011) reviews psychological theories, notably Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, explaining how unmet psychological and social needs cultivate conflict. Acharya et al. (2016) add an environmental perspective by discussing conflicts between humans and wildlife, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of causes behind human conflict.

Theories Explaining Human Conflict

Several theories have been proposed to elucidate the origins of human conflict. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Danesh, 2011) suggests that unmet fundamental needs—such as safety, belonging, and esteem—are primary drivers of conflict. When these needs are thwarted, humans are more likely to engage in disputes. Conversely, classical political theories, such as the social contract theory by Hobbes and Locke, provide philosophical frameworks. Hobbes (Bauman & Briggs, 2003) viewed humans in a natural state as inherently conflict-prone, necessitating a powerful sovereign to maintain order. Locke, however, believed that humans are rational beings capable of peaceful coexistence if their natural rights to life, liberty, and property are protected (Fridlund, 2014). Both perspectives highlight the importance of social institutions in conflict management, with Hobbes advocating for absolute authority and Locke supporting limited government and individual rights.

Comparison of Theories

While Hobbes emphasizes the innate conflict propensity of humans in a natural state, Locke's view is more optimistic about human rationality and capacity for peace. Maslow’s theory adds a psychological layer, indicating that unfulfilled needs heighten the likelihood of conflict, which can be mitigated through social and political stability. Hobbes’ advocacy for absolute sovereign power contrasts with Locke’s support for constitutional government that safeguards individual freedoms. The credibility of these theories varies depending on context; in high-conflict societies, Hobbes’ approach appears pragmatic, emphasizing the necessity of strong authority. Lockean ideas underpin modern democratic institutions, aiming to balance order with liberty.

Causes of Human Conflict

Fundamentally, human conflict arises from various interrelated factors, including poverty, inequality, injustice, and competition over resources. Historical episodes, such as colonial conquests or civil wars, often stem from these causes. Socioeconomic disparities foster resentment and grievance, escalating tensions both within and between societies (Giddens, 2009). Cultural and religious differences can also act as catalysts, especially when imposed or manipulated by political actors (Ginges & Atran, 2012). Environmental stressors, such as scarcity of water or arable land, exacerbate conflict, as seen in recent cases of resource-driven violence (Acharya et al., 2016). Understanding the multifaceted causes of conflict is essential for designing effective intervention and prevention strategies.

Means to End Conflict

Addressing and resolving human conflict requires a combination of diplomatic, social, and institutional measures. Dialogue and negotiation are fundamental in fostering mutual understanding and trust. Conflict resolution techniques, such as mediations, peace agreements, and transitional justice, help in managing disputes and rebuilding relationships (Bar-Tal, 2013). Additionally, addressing root causes—like poverty, inequality, and injustice—through social policies, education, and economic development reduces the likelihood of conflicts recurring (Giddens, 2009). International organizations and peacekeeping missions play vital roles in managing conflicts at the global level. Ultimately, conflict minimization hinges on fostering inclusive governance, protecting human rights, and promoting social cohesion (O’Neill, 2010).

Conclusion

Human conflict is inherently complex, rooted in biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Philosophical theories by Hobbes and Locke provide contrasting views on human nature and the role of authority in conflict resolution. Psychological models highlight the importance of unmet needs, while socio-political and environmental analyses underscore the multifaceted causes of disputes. Effective conflict mitigation combines addressing immediate disagreements with tackling underlying causes through inclusive policies, dialogue, and sustainable development. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is crucial for building more peaceful societies.

References

• Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable conflicts: Socio-psychological foundations and dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
• Giddens, A. (2009). The politics of risk society? In The constitution of society (pp. 329-348). University of California Press.
• Ginges, J., & Atran, S. (2012). Religious and Sacred Imperatives in Human Conflict. Science, 336(6083), 693-697.
• O’Neill, O. (2010). The dark side of dialogue: Cross-cultural communication and conflict resolution. Routledge.
• Bauman, R., & Briggs, C. L. (2003). Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality. Cambridge University Press.
• Danesh, H. (2011). Human Needs Theory, Conflict, and Peace. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Acharya, K., et al. (2016). Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Nepal: Patterns of Human Fatalities and Injuries Caused by Large Mammals. California, US.
• Bowles, S. (2008). Being human: Conflict: Altruism's midwife. International Journal of Science.
• Joanna, F., & Roderick, H. (2015). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Human Conflict. PubMe.
• Fridlund, A. J. (2014). Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View. Academic Press.