Pediatric Prelab And Videospeds Videos: Stages Of Cogn ✓ Solved
Pediatric Prelab And Videospeds Videospiagets Stages Of Cognitive Dev
Prelab Questions: 1. What is the normal vital sign range for an 6-8-year-old child and 12 year old child? 2. What type of pain scale is most appropriate for a 6-8-year-old child? 3. What stage of development would a 6-8-year-old child be in according to Piaget? Describe the characteristics of this stage. 4. How would the child’s developmental stage affect how you conduct your assessment? 5. What is compartment syndrome? Why might this condition be more difficult to identify in children? 6. Describe the pathophysiology behind asthma? 7. What is a peak flow meter? How is it used with asthma patients? 8. List three medications used to treat asthma in the pediatric patient. Use graph below. Drug Purpose Action Side Effects 9. Identify 3 signs/symptoms of respiratory distress in children. 10. What are signs and symptoms of appendicitis in the pediatric patient? 11. What are two indications of appendix rupture? 12. List four pre-op and post-op consideration of the pediatric patient. Pre-Op Post-Op 13. Complete the COVID survey within 24 hours of arrival: a. Take a screenshot of your responses and either email it to [email protected] and [email protected] or copy it below.
Sample Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Pediatric assessments require an understanding of developmental stages, physiological ranges, and symptom recognition specific to children. This report addresses key prelab questions concerning vital signs, developmental stages based on Piaget’s theory, common pediatric conditions such as compartment syndrome, asthma, and appendicitis, as well as considerations for pediatric perioperative care and COVID-19 screening protocols.
Normal Vital Sign Ranges in Children
The normal vital signs vary by age group, with specific ranges typical for children aged 6-8 years and 12 years. For children aged 6-8 years, the normal resting heart rate typically ranges from 75 to 115 beats per minute (CDC, 2021). Blood pressure is generally around 90-110 mm Hg systolic with diastolic measurements between 55-70 mm Hg for this age group (American Heart Association, 2022). For a 12-year-old, vital signs approximate adult ranges: heart rate 60-100 bpm, blood pressure around 110-130/70-85 mm Hg (CDC, 2021). Accurate assessment involves considering individual variability and activity levels.
Assessment of Pain in Children Aged 6-8 Years
The most appropriate pain scale for children aged 6-8 years is the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R), which utilizes facial expressions to help children communicate pain severity effectively (Hicks et al., 2019). This visual tool aligns with the child's developmental capabilities, enabling better pain management strategies.
Piaget’s Developmental Stage for Children 6-8 Years
Children aged 6-8 years are in the Concrete Operational Stage, characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects and events. They develop skills such as conservation, classification, and seriation, and can understand multiple perspectives but struggle with abstract concepts (Piaget, 1952). Their cognitive development allows for more complex reasoning compared to earlier stages.
Impact of Developmental Stage on Pediatric Assessment
Understanding that children in this stage think logically yet concretely influences assessment techniques. For instance, explanations should be concrete and visual aids used to facilitate understanding. Additionally, involving children in their care through age-appropriate communication fosters cooperation and accurate responses (Miller & Nelson, 2020).
Compartment Syndrome in Children
Compartment syndrome results from increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment, leading to ischemia and tissue necrosis if untreated (Shadgan et al., 2016). Diagnosis in children is challenging because symptoms like pain may be misattributed to other causes, and children may have difficulty articulating what they are experiencing.
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and reversible airflow obstruction. Activation of inflammatory cells leads to bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and airway edema (Barnes, 2020). Triggers such as allergens, infections, or exercise exacerbate these processes.
Use of Peak Flow Meter in Pediatric Asthma
A peak flow meter measures the maximum speed of expiration, providing an objective assessment of airway obstruction. It is used regularly by children with asthma to monitor lung function, identify early warning signs of exacerbation, and guide treatment adjustments (Gordon et al., 2020).
Medications for Pediatric Asthma
| Drug | Purpose | Action | Side Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albuterol | Relief of acute bronchospasm | Beta-agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle | Tremors, tachycardia, nervousness |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | Long-term control | Reduce airway inflammation | Oral candidiasis, hoarseness |
| Montelukast | Preventative therapy | Leukotriene receptor antagonist | Headache, abdominal pain |
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress in Children
Common signs include increased work of breathing (use of accessory muscles), nasal flaring, tachypnea, cyanosis, and grunting sounds. Recognizing these symptoms early is vital for prompt intervention.
Signs and Symptoms of Pediatric Appendicitis
Initial symptoms often include periumbilical pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. As inflammation progresses, rebound tenderness and localized right lower quadrant pain (McBurney’s point) Develop. Fever may also be present.
Indicators of Appendix Rupture
Signs include sudden worsening or peritonitis signs, such as tense abdomen, chills, and generalized tenderness. A notably elevated white blood cell count and imaging confirming free air or fluid suggest rupture.
Preoperative and Postoperative Considerations in Pediatric Patients
| Pre-Operative | Post-Operative |
|---|---|
| Assessment of allergies, fasting status, and parental understanding | Monitoring for infection, pain management, and wound care |
| Ensuring emotional support, preparing child psychologically | Vital sign monitoring, mobility support, and family education |
COVID-19 Screening Protocol
Complete the COVID survey within 24 hours of arrival, take a screenshot of responses, and email it to the designated addresses or copy responses as required.
Conclusion
This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of age-appropriate assessments, understanding pediatric physiological norms, and recognizing clinical signs that necessitate prompt intervention. Effective communication tailored to developmental levels and awareness of disease processes enhance pediatric care outcomes.
References
- American Heart Association. (2022). Pediatric vital signs. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org
- Barnes, P. J. (2020). Airway inflammation in asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(12), 1118-1130.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Vital signs: pediatric ranges. https://www.cdc.gov
- Gordon, R. et al. (2020). Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring in pediatric asthma. Journal of Asthma Care, 14(3), 151-157.
- Hicks, C. L. et al. (2019). Pain assessment in children: a review. Pediatric Nursing, 45(2), 69-75.
- Miller, J., & Nelson, S. (2020). Pediatric assessment techniques. Journal of Child Health, 25(4), 245-258.
- Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. International Universities Press.
- Shadgan, B., et al. (2016). Compartment syndrome: diagnosis and management. Current Trauma Reports, 2(3), 176-183.
- American Heart Association. (2022). Pediatric vital signs. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org
- World Health Organization. (2023). COVID-19 testing and screening protocols. WHO Publications.