Pigeon Breeders Prize Certain Looks Of Their Pigeons ✓ Solved

Pigeon Breeders Prize Certain Looks Of Their Pigeons They Know That

1. Pigeon breeders prize certain looks of their pigeons. They know that pairing certain pigeons results in offspring that exemplify the looks of their parents. Which of Darwin's four observations applies to this example? Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3 Observation .

Which of the following is an essential difference between apes and hominins? The amount of hair Apes are kept in zoos Relative strength The way they walk

Pine trees that are too tall or too short do not do as well as pine trees that are average in height. The short trees do not get as much light as tall or average trees. The tall trees are more likely to break off in storms. Tell how this is an example of stabilizing selection. Be sure to define stabilizing selection in your answer.

QUESTION 9 1. There is a moth in England called the peppered moth. Before Britain's industrial revolution, these moths were usually salt and pepper colored. Because of their coloring, they blended in well with the tree trunks on which they tended to rest. The coloring helped them hide from the birds that ate them. During the British industrial revolution, industry expelled a lot of soot from the burning of coal into the environment. This soot darkened the tree trunks, and it was noted that black-colored moths were becoming predominant. The idea is that with soot in the environment, black-colored moths fared better than light-colored moths. There is some debate as to whether this is actually the case or not, but for the sake of this question, let's assume it is. In your own words, explain the concepts from the four observations discussed in 12.2 using the moth as an example. In other words, how does the moth illustrate the first observation, the second observation, etc.? Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

QUESTION 10 1. Explain how homology is different from convergent evolution and give examples. Briefly define homology and convergent evolution in your explanation. Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The example of pigeon breeders selecting for specific looks exemplifies Darwin's first observation, which relates to variation within a population. Variation in traits occurs naturally among pigeons, and breeders intentionally select pigeons with desirable traits for reproduction. This selective breeding demonstrates how natural or artificial selection acts on phenotypic variation within a population. The breeders understand that by pairing pigeons with certain looks, the offspring are more likely to display those traits, reinforcing the idea that variation exists and can be harnessed for selective purposes. This example aligns with Darwin's observation that individuals within a species exhibit differences, and some traits are more likely to be passed on due to reproductive advantages, whether natural or man-made.

Regarding the essential difference between apes and hominins, the most significant is the way they walk. While apes generally walk quadrupedally or use limb-swinging locomotion, hominins are characterized by bipedalism—walking upright on two legs. This adaptation is crucial in distinguishing humans and their ancestors from other primates. Although both apes and hominins have varying amounts of body hair and other similarities, the mode of locomotion reflects a fundamental evolutionary divergence that has significant implications for physiology, behavior, and survival strategies.

The pine trees example demonstrates stabilizing selection, which favors intermediate traits over extremes, maintaining the status quo of a population. Stabilizing selection occurs when individuals with traits close to the population mean have higher survival and reproductive success than those with extreme traits. In this case, pine trees of average height are favored because they efficiently access light and withstand storm damage better than shorter or taller trees. Short trees do not receive enough light, reducing their photosynthetic capacity, while tall trees are more prone to breaking in storms. As a result, the population of pine trees remains centered around an optimal height, exemplifying stabilizing selection that reduces variation and maintains adaptations suited to the environment.

The peppered moth illustrates several of Darwin's observations on natural selection. Firstly, the first observation of variation is seen in the differing color morphs—light and dark—originally a minor variation within the population. The second observation, which concerns heritability, is demonstrated by the fact that these color traits are inherited from parent moths to offspring. The third hypothesis about differential survival is observed during the industrial revolution when darker moths had better camouflage against soot-darkened trees, thus reducing predation by birds. Consequently, the frequency of dark-colored moths increased, exemplifying differential reproductive success based on trait advantages. The fourth observation, involving the number of individuals, is reflected in the changing proportions of light versus dark moths over generations, showing how natural selection can alter allele frequencies over time. This example underscores how environmental changes influence selection pressures and driving evolutionary change.

Homology and convergent evolution are two distinct concepts in evolutionary biology. Homology refers to traits inherited from a common ancestor, meaning that different species share similarities because they descended from a common ancestor that possessed that trait. An example of homology is the forelimbs of vertebrates such as humans, whales, and bats—they all share the same basic bone structure despite differences in function. In contrast, convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to comparable environments or ecological niches. An example is the wings of bats and insects; both are used for flying but evolved separately in different lineages, with no recent common ancestor possessing these wings. Homology indicates shared ancestry, revealing genetic and developmental connections, whereas convergent evolution highlights how similar environmental pressures can lead to analogous structures in unrelated lineages. Understanding these processes deepens insights into evolutionary patterns and the origins of biological diversity.

References

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