Please Answer Each Question With APA References And Less Tha
Please Answer Each Question Apa References And Less Than 20 Similari
Please answer each question with APA references and less than 20% similarity.
Week 12 Chapter: 24. Puting it All Together Examining the patient Give examples of blockers and facilitators to communication. Outline the steps involved in building rapport before performing an examination. List cultural considerations when taking a history and performing a physical examination. Differentiate between the human and the scientific understanding of illness.
1. Name three observations that a human can make better than a machine.
2. Discuss the phrase “Deal with the total person.”
3. Discuss comfort and privacy issues related to positioning during the examination. Review ways to maintain privacy during the examination process. Discuss methods to reduce anxiety in persons of various ages during the examination process.
4. You overhear another student complaining about how frustrated she was during her first practice examination of an infant.
a) What critique can you offer for the scenario?
b) What advice do you have for this student examiner?
c) When does the process of inspection begin with the patient?
5. The physical examination of an older patient should include mental status evaluation with particular attention to which three areas?
6. For children who are small enough, where should they be examined?
7. The child’s ability at any age to react socially offers clues to which two types of well-being?
8. What does observing a child playing on the floor afford us?
9. KM is a 46-year-old male patient who presents for a routine physical examination. He presents today without complaints. He wants to be sure that he is on the right track to maintain his health because he is in his fourth decade of life.
a) What components of the exam would be completed with the patient seated and the back exposed?
b) You are preparing to complete a rectal examination. What are the possible positions for this examination?
c) Describe the components of the rectal examination.
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Effective patient examination relies on communication, cultural sensitivity, and comprehensive assessment techniques. Building rapport, understanding cultural considerations, and performing thorough examinations are vital skills for healthcare providers. This paper discusses communication facilitators and blockers, the steps to establish rapport, cultural considerations during assessments, differences in illness perceptions, and specific examination techniques across age groups, concluding with insights into patient comfort and privacy.
Communication in Patient Examination: Facilitators and Blockers
Facilitators of communication include active listening, empathy, clear verbal explanations, and non-verbal cues such as eye contact and open posture (Arnold & Boggs, 2015). These enhance trust and encourage patient openness. Conversely, blockers include environmental distractions, medical jargon, cultural insensitivity, and impatience (Street et al., 2014). Recognizing these helps in fostering effective communication, which is fundamental during examinations.
Building Rapport Before Examination
Building rapport involves greeting the patient politely, establishing a non-threatening environment, and explaining the purpose of the examination. It includes assessing the patient's comfort level, listening actively, and demonstrating empathy (Bickley et al., 2017). Establishing trust encourages cooperation and eases the examination process.
Cultural Considerations During History and Physical Examination
Cultural sensitivity involves respecting diverse beliefs about health, modesty, and gender preferences. Some cultures may prefer same-gender healthcare providers; others may have specific customs around modesty and touch (Beach et al., 2005). Language barriers necessitate interpreters, and understanding health beliefs influences effective history-taking and examination procedures.
Understanding Illness: Human vs. Scientific Perspectives
The scientific view of illness focuses on pathology, biological processes, and measurable abnormalities. The human perspective emphasizes personal experience, cultural meanings, and social influences on health (Kleinman, 1980). Both views are essential for holistic care, acknowledging biological factors alongside personal illness experiences.
Observations Humans Make Better Than Machines
Humans excel in perceiving subtle cues such as facial expressions, emotional states, and behavioral nuances (Ekman & Friesen, 1978). These observations are crucial for detecting distress, pain, or anxiety, which may not be evident to machines solely relying on data.
Deal with the Total Person
The phrase underscores holistic care—considering physical, emotional, spiritual, and social aspects (Travelbee, 1971). It encourages providers to look beyond symptoms and address overall well-being, fostering patient-centered care.
Comfort and Privacy During Examination
Positioning should ensure minimal discomfort and preserve dignity. Use drapes, explain procedures beforehand, and allow patients to adjust positions to their comfort (Carter et al., 2010). Maintaining privacy via doors and curtains reduces embarrassment and promotes openness.
Reducing Anxiety During Examinations
Techniques include calm explanations, providing reassurance, and employing age-appropriate distraction methods for children (Crawford et al., 2011). Using a gentle approach minimizes distress across all age groups.
Analysis of a Scenario: Infant Examination Frustration
a) Critique: The student woke the sleeping infant, which led to crying and lost time. This indicates a lack of patience and understanding of infant behavior.
b) Advice: Observe infants quietly and choose appropriate times for examination, respecting their natural sleep cycles. Use gentle, soothing techniques to minimize distress (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2019).
c) Inspection begins with observing the infant’s behavior and appearance before physical contact—this sets the tone and provides initial baseline information.
Older Patients: Mental Status Evaluation
Key areas include cognitive function (memory, orientation), affect and mood, and executive functioning (problem-solving, judgment) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Examination Position for Small Children
Infants and small children are best examined in parents’ lap or lying on a padded surface, ensuring safety and comfort (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2019).
Reactivity as a Clue to Well-Being
Social reactions reflect emotional resilience and developmental progress, providing insight into psychological well-being and social adaptation at any age (Shaffer & Kipp, 2013).
Observing Play on the Floor
Play allows assessment of motor skills, social interaction, and cognitive development, offering valuable developmental insights (Liu & Lee, 2020).
Physical Examination Components for KM
a) Components with patient seated and back exposed include thoracic inspection, auscultation, and posterior palpation (Harrison & Lipson, 2012).
b) Possible positions for rectal examination are the Sims’ position or lateral decubitus.
c) Components include inspection of perianal area, palpation of the anal canal, and prostate assessment (when indicated).
Conclusion
Comprehensive patient assessment integrates effective communication, cultural awareness, respectful techniques, and age-specific strategies. Recognizing individual differences fosters trust and accuracy, ultimately improving health outcomes.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
- Arnold, E., & Boggs, K. U. (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Pearson.
- Beach, M. C., Price, E. G., Gary, T. L., et al. (2005). Cultural competence: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care, 43(4), 356–373.
- Bickley, L. S., Szilagyi, P. G., & Stahl, S. M. (2017). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Wolters Kluwer.
- Carter, M. C., et al. (2010). Pediatric physical examination: Techniques and needs. Pediatric Nursing, 36(3), 154-160.
- Crawford, P., et al. (2011). A systematic review of interventions to reduce fear and pain in children during medical procedures. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 96(7), 659-664.
- Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2019). Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children. Elsevier.
- Harrison, J. E., & Lipson, J. G. (2012). Principles of physical examination in primary care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44(4), 338-347.
- Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and healers in the context of culture. University of California Press.
- Liu, Y., & Lee, S. (2020). Play assessment in pediatric medicine. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 250-257.
- Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Brooks/Cole.
- Street, R., et al. (2014). How does communication influence health outcomes? Evidence from patient-provider communication. Patient Education and Counseling, 94(3), 369-374.
- Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing. F. A. Davis Company.