Please Choose One Of The Following Topics You Need To Use

Please Choose One Of The Following Topics1 You Need to Use Technolo

Please choose one of the following topics:

1. Use technology to find the P-value for a hypothesis test, such as a TI calculator, Excel, or online calculator. Provide an example demonstrating the steps to leverage the technology.

2. Given n=16, sample mean=75, sample standard deviation s=8, and hypotheses H0: μ=80 versus Ha: μ

3. Given n=16, sample proportion=0.2, and hypotheses H0: p=0.19 versus Ha: p>0.19, find the test statistic and show your work.

4. For a two-tailed hypothesis test about a proportion at α=0.05, with a pre-calculated test statistic of 2.1 and sample size 100, find the P-value and determine if there is sufficient evidence to reject H0.

5. For a two-tailed test about a mean at α=0.05, with a test statistic of 2.1, a sample size of 25, a normally distributed population, and unknown population standard deviation, find the P-value and assess whether to reject H0.

6. For a right-tailed test about a mean at α=0.05, with a test statistic of 2.1, sample size 25, a normally distributed population, and known population standard deviation of 0.5, find the P-value and determine if there is enough evidence to reject H0.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

Hypothesis testing is a fundamental aspect of statistical inference that allows researchers to make decisions or draw conclusions about population parameters based on sample data. The process involves formulating null and alternative hypotheses, calculating a test statistic, and determining the corresponding P-value to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis. Modern technological tools such as calculators, Excel, and online calculators significantly ease the process of computing P-values, especially for complex calculations or large datasets. This paper explores various scenarios of hypothesis testing, focusing on calculating test statistics, utilizing technology, and interpreting P-values to make informed decisions regarding statistical hypotheses.

Using Technology to Find P-values

Using technology to determine P-values accelerates the hypothesis testing process and minimizes calculation errors. For example, Excel provides built-in functions such as T.DIST and NORM.S.DIST for normal and t-distributions, respectively. To demonstrate, suppose we are testing a mean with a t-distribution. After calculating the t-statistic, T, using the formula:

T = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n)

we can find the P-value in Excel using:

= T.DIST(T, degrees_freedom, TRUE) for a one-tailed test.

For instance, if T = -2.5 with df=15, the formula =T.DIST(-2.5, 15, TRUE) outputs the probability that the t-statistic is less than -2.5, yielding the P-value. Online calculators like GraphPad or StatCrunch offer user-friendly interfaces where entering the sample data and selecting the relevant test yields the P-value instantly. Similarly, TI calculators equipped with statistical functions allow direct computation of P-values post calculating the test statistic by inputting the data or using built-in test procedures.

Example 1: Hypothesis test about population mean with t-distribution

Suppose we have a sample of n=16, with a sample mean of 75, sample standard deviation of 8, testing H0: μ=80 vs. Ha: μ

T = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n) = (75 - 80) / (8/√16) = (-5) / (8/4) = -5 / 2 = -2.5

Using Excel, we find the P-value for this left-tailed test:

= T.DIST(-2.5, 15, TRUE) ≈ 0.0134

This indicates a low probability of observing such a sample mean if the null hypothesis is true, suggesting evidence to reject H0 at typical significance levels.

Example 2: Hypothesis about population proportion

Considering n=16, with a sample proportion p̂=0.2, and testing H0: p=0.19 vs. Ha: p>0.19. The test statistic is:

Z = (p̂ - p₀) / √[p₀(1 - p₀)/n] = (0.2 - 0.19) / √[0.19*0.81/16] ≈ 0.01 / √(0.1539/16) ≈ 0.01 / 0.098 ≈ 0.102

Using Excel:

=NORM.S.DIST(0.102, TRUE) ≈ 0.540

Since the alternative is one-sided with p>0.19, the P-value is:

1 - 0.540 = 0.460

which is large, indicating insufficient evidence to reject H0.

Example 3: Two-tailed hypothesis about a proportion

Given a sample size of 100, sample proportion p̂=0.2, testing H0: p=0.19 vs. Ha: p≠0.19, with test statistic Z=2.1. Using the normal approximation, the P-value is:

P = 2 (1 - NORM.S.DIST(|Z|, TRUE)) = 2 (1 - NORM.S.DIST(2.1, TRUE)) ≈ 2 (1 - 0.9821) ≈ 2 0.0179 = 0.0358

Since P

Example 4: Two-tailed hypothesis about a mean with known standard deviation

For a sample size of 25, with a test statistic Z=2.1, and population standard deviation σ=0.5, the P-value is:

P = 2 * (1 - NORM.S.DIST(2.1, TRUE)) ≈ 0.0358

The small P-value suggests rejecting the null hypothesis at α=0.05, pointing to a significant difference in the mean.

Example 5: Right-tailed test about a mean with known population standard deviation

Given n=25, Z=2.1, and σ=0.5, the P-value for the right tail:

P = 1 - NORM.S.DIST(2.1, TRUE) ≈ 1 - 0.9821 = 0.0179

Since 0.0179

Conclusion

The use of technological tools like Excel and online calculators simplifies the process of computing P-values across various hypothesis testing scenarios. Accurate calculation and interpretation of P-values enable researchers to make informed decisions about the null hypotheses, either rejecting or failing to reject based on significance levels. Whether dealing with means or proportions, the integration of technology in hypothesis testing enhances efficiency, reduces errors, and facilitates deeper understanding of statistical results. Ultimately, mastery of these tools is essential for effective application of hypothesis testing in research and practice.

References

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  7. Ott, R. L., & Longnecker, M. (2015). An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  8. Newcombe, R. G. (2011). Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: Comparison of seven methods. Statistics in Medicine, 17(8), 857–872.
  9. McClave, J. T., & Sincich, T. (2018). Statistics (12th ed.). Pearson.
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