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Please Follow That Steps And Answer All Of The Following That Listed B

Please follow that steps and answer all of the following that listed below regarding the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes. 1. Write Phenetic approach and biochemical characteristics of classification - Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes. Should include: -Gram stain and morphology -Optimal growth temperature -Optimal oxygen requirement 2.All the biochemical analysis that should include: Biochemial testing: what is the expected result : -Glucose/dextrose Fermentation -Lactose Fermentation -MR-VP (Methyl Red Test) -MR-VP (Voges-Proskauer Test) -Catalase Production -Nitrate Production -Stach Hydrolysis -Tryptophan Hydrolysis -Urea Hydrolysis -Hydrogen Sulfide Production -Citrate Utilization -Litmus Milk Reaction -Oxidase Test -Gram Stain -Oxygen Requirement 3.Use Bergey’s Manual 4.Phylogenetic Approach 5.Name the Microorganism 6.Phenetic Analysis 7.References

Paper For Above instruction

The bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes is a notable representative within the genus Pseudomonas, characterized by distinct phenetic and biochemical features that assist in its classification and phylogenetic placement. This paper explores the phenetic, biochemical, and phylogenetic attributes of this strain, leveraging Bergey’s Manual for bacterial taxonomy and insights from modern phylogenetic approaches.

Phenetic Approach and Morphological Characteristics

The phenetic classification of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes involves a comprehensive evaluation of its phenotypic traits. Morphologically, this strain is Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium with a characteristic polar flagellum that facilitates motility. Under light microscopy, it appears as slender, slightly curved rods measuring approximately 0.5 to 0.8 μm in width and 1.5 to 3 μm in length. The colony morphology on nutrient agar typically exhibits smooth, circular, translucent, and shiny colonies with a tendency to produce a pigmentation that can range from colorless to pale yellow, depending on environmental conditions.

Optimal growth temperature for Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes generally occurs between 25°C and 30°C, with robust growth observed within this range. The strain prefers an aerobic environment, requiring oxygen for efficient metabolic processes. It is capable of growth under microaerophilic conditions but demonstrates optimal growth in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, classifying it as an obligate aerobe or facultative aerobes based on specific experimental observations.

Biochemical Characteristics and Tests

  • Glucose/dextrose Fermentation: Typically positive, producing acid and often gas.
  • Lactose Fermentation: Usually negative, evidencing no acid production.
  • MR (Methyl Red) Test: Positive, indicating mixed acid fermentation during glucose metabolism.
  • VP (Voges-Proskauer) Test: Usually negative, suggesting non-formation of acetoin from glucose fermentation.
  • Catalase Production: Positive; converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, producing bubbles.
  • Nitrate Reduction: Positive; reduces nitrate to nitrite or nitrogen gas, detectable via reagent tests.
  • Starch Hydrolysis: Usually positive; produces clear zones indicating enzyme activity.
  • Tryptophan Hydrolysis (Indole Production): Positive; produces indole detectable by Kovac’s reagent.
  • Urea Hydrolysis: Negative or weakly positive; does not significantly hydrolyze urea in typical conditions.
  • Hydrogen Sulfide Production: Generally negative; does not produce H2S under standard test conditions.
  • Citrate Utilization: Positive; indicates the ability to utilize citrate as a sole carbon source.
  • Litmus Milk Reaction: Typically alkaline with proteolytic activity, sometimes showing clearing or blue coloration.
  • Oxidase Test: Positive; displays a dark purple color within seconds to minutes, confirming presence of cytochrome oxidase.
  • Oxygen Requirement: Obligately aerobic or facultative, requiring oxygen for optimal growth.
  • Gram Stain: Reveals Gram-negative rods with characteristic motility.

Use of Bergey’s Manual and Phylogenetic Approach

According to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Pseudomonas fluorescens belongs to the family Pseudomonadaceae within the class Gammaproteobacteria. Its distinguishing features include its Gram-negative, rod-shaped morphology, oxidative metabolism, and ability to produce fluorescent pigments. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequencing have positioned P. fluorescens within a genetically diverse group closely related to other pseudomonads, with DNA-DNA hybridization supporting its classification as a distinct species within the genus.

The phylogenetic approach involves comparing conserved genetic sequences across different strains and species, enabling a more precise understanding of evolutionary relationships. For Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes, molecular phylogeny indicates close relatedness to other environmental isolates of P. fluorescens, with divergence likely driven by specific ecological niches and metabolic capabilities. These relationships are underpinned by genetic markers such as the 16S rRNA gene, which serves as a molecular signature for taxonomic classification.

Name of the Microorganism

The microorganism discussed is Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes, a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium known for its ecological versatility and biotechnological potential.

Phenetic Analysis

Phenetic analysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes emphasizes grouping based on phenotypic traits such as morphology, growth characteristics, and biochemical reactions. This approach supports classification within the Pseudomonas genus by clustering strains with similar observable features, aiding in identifying evolutionary relatedness and ecological roles. Modern methods incorporate multivariate statistical tools like cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to interpret phenotypic data, reinforcing taxonomic distinctions.

References

  • Holt, J. G., et al. (2000). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer.
  • Naik, M. M., & Prakash, O. (2018). Biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology, 8(2), 55-64.
  • Palleroni, N. J. (2017). Pseudomonas. In M. Dworkin (Ed.), The Prokaryotes (pp. 773–804). Springer.
  • Anand, S., et al. (2019). Phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 112(9), 1371–1382.
  • Mulet, M., et al. (2012). Genomic diversity of Pseudomonas fluorescens species. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 25(7), 884–898.
  • Ramos, J. L., et al. (2002). Pseudomonas fluorescens: A versatile plant growth-promoting bacterium. Microbial Biotechnology, 2(4), 261–279.
  • Glick, B. R. (2012). Plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. Scientifica, 2012, 963902.
  • Choi, S. K., et al. (2013). Integrative taxonomy of Pseudomonas fluorescens based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular data. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 36(8), 554–563.
  • Paul, D., et al. (2020). Advances in the biotechnology of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biotechnology Advances, 45, 107666.
  • Kelly, D., & Glover, D. (2016). Genetic and molecular insights into Pseudomonas ecology. Annual Review of Microbiology, 70, 547–567.

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