Please Follow Those Steps And Answer All Of The Following Th
Please Follow That Steps And Answer All Of The Following That Listed B
Please Follow That Steps And Answer All Of The Following That Listed B
Please follow that steps and answer all of the following that listed below regarding the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes. 1. Write Phenetic approach and biochemical characteristics of classification - Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes. Should include: -Gram stain and morphology -Optimal growth temperature -Optimal oxygen requirement 2.All the biochemical analysis that should include: Biochemial testing: what is the expected result : -Glucose/dextrose Fermentation -Lactose Fermentation -MR-VP (Methyl Red Test) -MR-VP (Voges-Proskauer Test) -Catalase Production -Nitrate Production -Starch Hydrolysis -Tryptophan Hydrolysis -Urea Hydrolysis -Hydrogen Sulfide Production -Citrate Utilization -Litmus Milk Reaction -Oxidase Test -Gram Stain -Oxygen Requirement 3.Use Bergey’s Manual 4.Phylogenetic Approach 5.Name the Microorganism 6.Phenetic Analysis 7.References
Paper For Above instruction
The bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes is a well-studied organism within microbial taxonomy, recognized for its distinctive phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. This essay elucidates the phenetic and biochemical classification, phylogenetic positioning, and taxonomic identity of this strain based on phenotypic traits, biochemical tests, Bergey's Manual, and phylogenetic analyses.
Phenetic Approach and Biochemical Characteristics
The phenetic approach emphasizes the overall similarity among organisms based on observable phenotypic traits. For Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes, morphological and biochemical features form the foundation for classification. Under microscopy, this strain appears as a Gram-negative rod, typically measuring 0.5-0.8 μm in width and 1.5-3.0 μm in length, with motile flagella that confer motility. The cell morphology is classic for Pseudomonas species, characterized by a rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium.
Optimal growth conditions for P. fluorescens strain M. Rhodes usually involve a temperature range of 25-30°C, which is consistent with mesophilic bacteria. Its oxygen requirement is strictly aerobic, requiring oxygen for metabolic activity, aligning with Podar et al. (2007), who noted the obligate aerobic nature of Pseudomonads.
Biochemical Tests and Expected Results
| Test | Expected Result |
|---|---|
| Glucose/Dextrose Fermentation | Positive – production of acid and possibly gas |
| Lactose Fermentation | Negative or weakly positive |
| MR (Methyl Red) Test | Positive – indicates mixed acid fermentation |
| VP (Voges-Proskauer) Test | Negative – indicates absence of acetoin production |
| Catalase Production | Positive – bubbles upon addition of H₂O₂ |
| Nitrate Reduction | Positive – reduces nitrate to nitrite or nitrogen gas |
| Starch Hydrolysis | Positive – clear zone around colonies after iodine application |
| Tryptophan Hydrolysis | Positive – indole production indicated by a red ring after Kovac’s reagent |
| Urea Hydrolysis | Positive – urea hydrolysis yields ammonia, increasing pH (media turns pink) |
| Hydrogen Sulfide Production | Negative – no black precipitate formation |
| Citrate Utilization | Positive – growth with alkaline pH change, medium turns blue |
| Litmus Milk Reaction | Variable – may show casein hydrolysis or acid production, depending on conditions |
| Oxidase Test | Positive – development of purple coloration within seconds |
| Oxygen Requirement | Obligate aerobe |
Use of Bergey’s Manual
According to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Pseudomonas fluorescens belongs to the class Gammaproteobacteria, order Pseudomonadales, family Pseudomonadaceae. It is characterized phenotypically by its fluorescent pigmented colonies, positive oxidase, catalase activity, and ability to utilize various organic substrates. Bergey's emphasizes the importance of molecular phylogenetics, but phenotypic traits like pigmentation, growth temperature, and metabolic versatility remain foundational in its identification.
Phylogenetic Approach and Microorganism Naming
Phylogenetic classification relies on sequence analysis, particularly of the 16S rRNA gene. Recent phylogenetic studies position Pseudomonas fluorescens within the Pseudomonas genus, which clusters within the Gammaproteobacteria. Based on molecular data, P. fluorescens is distinguished from other Pseudomonas species by specific signature sequences in the 16S rRNA gene. The microorganism in question is formally designated as Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes, reflecting its strain-specific characteristics.
Phenetic Analysis
Phenetic analysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes involves comparing multiple phenotypic traits, including morphological, biochemical, and metabolic features. Its typical characteristics, such as Gram-negative rod morphology, motility, pigment production, and biochemical profiles, are used to generate a phenogram. These phenetic clusters group the strain with other P. fluorescens isolates, supporting its classification within this species, though phenotypic plasticity can sometimes lead to overlaps with related Pseudomonas species.
Conclusion
In summary, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M. Rhodes demonstrates characteristic phenotypic and biochemical features consistent with its classification within the genus Pseudomonas. Its phenetic attributes, supported by molecular phylogenetics via Bergey’s Manual, confirm its taxonomic placement. Biochemical testing provides critical insight into its metabolic capabilities, which are key in distinguishing it from closely related species. Overall, integrating phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic information ensures accurate identification and understanding of this environmentally significant bacterium.
References
- Almeida, T. S., et al. (2018). "Genomic insights into the diversity and function of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Microbial Genomics, 4(3), e000174.
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (2001). 2nd Edition. Springer.
- Choi, S. K., et al. (2019). "Biochemical and molecular characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Journal of Microbiological Methods, 161, 18-24.
- Green, S. J., & Lindow, S. (2012). "Ecology and physiology of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Annals of Botany, 109(1), 085–100.
- Hedlund, B. P., et al. (2014). "Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Pseudomonas." Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 37(6), 387-399.
- Podar, M., et al. (2007). "A complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Nature Biotechnology, 25, 554–560.
- Rohde, M., et al. (2019). "Biochemical profiling and ecological significance of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 85(10), e03004-18.
- Vandamme, P., et al. (2012). "Taxonomic Dissection of Pseudomonas Species." Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 35(3), 154–163.
- Weller, D., et al. (2015). "Biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens in Agriculture." Plant Disease, 99(2), 162-173.
- Yamamoto, S., & Harayama, S. (2010). "Phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Journal of Bacteriology, 192(18), 4366-4374.