Please Reply To Each Discussion With Significant Content ✓ Solved

Please reply to each discussion with significant content. Th

Please reply to each discussion with significant content. There are three discussion responses. Do not just agree with the student but provide supporting content if you agree or disagree. Please respond with a minimum of 100 words for each discussion.

Discussion 1: Shalee Kumano — Abnormal Behavior

Actions that seem unusual to others in our society are considered as abnormal behaviors. Identifying abnormal behavior is not easy due to no one behavior makes someone abnormal. According to Hooley, Butcher, Nock, and Mineka (2017, p. 28), one of the indicators of abnormality is the violation of the standards of society. Cultural differences can determine what could be considered as a violation of standards in a society.

For example, walking on the streets with no shoes or any feet protection is considered as abnormal but is normal for the indigenous people in the Philippines called the Aeta. Irrationality and unpredictability is another indicator of abnormality. A coworker that seems happy and enjoys working all of a sudden comes to work yelling at people and just really seem mad and then the next day is back to being happy and friendly to others again could be considered as abnormal due to his or her irrational and unpredictable behavior. Maladaptiveness is also an indicator of abnormality where the things that a person usually does is not providing appropriate adjustment to the situation (Hooley, Butcher, Nock, & Mineka, 2017, p. 27). A person that spends too much time doing cardio even though his or her body looks like it’s unhealthy to be spending more time doing it is an example of this behavior.

References: Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Nock, M., & Mineka, S. (2017). Abnormal Psychology (17th ed., pp. 27-28). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

Discussion 2: Taylor Morse — Week one

Element 1: When discussing abnormal behavior, the words “deviate” or “deviant” play a big role. An abnormal behavior is a behavior that deviates from a normal behavior or what could be considered normal.

Element 2: A maladaptive behavior can consist of someone who is using something to help them cope which can involve avoidance behaviors. An example of this could be someone who once was happily employed lost their job which in turn affected their daily lives and have now turned to alcohol consumption. With continuation of this they have now become hostile or disconnected from their friends and family. This is an example of maladaptive coping strategies. (not all disorders involve maladaptive behavior) The second indicator of abnormality is violations of the standards of society. While the book states we do things that are illegal, but we don’t always view it as abnormal, an example of this could be (varies within different cultures) someone who abuses their children or spouse.

Element 3: In some cultures, the things that are viewed as abnormal may not be abnormal for another. Cultural, historical, and age are all things that affect the abnormality definition.

Reference: Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Nock, M., & Mineka, S. (2018). Abnormal psychology. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte.

Discussion 3: Cybersecurity and the U.S. Energy Sector (unnamed student)

The department of justice may have unveiled several charges against the five members of a China military cyber division which is about two years later. The Liberation of People Army officer have thrown light on a sophisticated cyber theft campaign on a wide-ranging back to year of 2006. According to multiple sources, the spree peaked hacking pipeline lies between the month of December 2011 and June 2012.

It may have also increased the reliance on natural gas for generation of power which have made the system of gas transmission. It is one of most hacking consequents targets in the country. The Wang and his team may have several blueprints which is necessary to launch the cyberattack which may plunge the different nation parts into the darkness for several days. There are many gas companies who have shored up different security. The cyber sector readiness is officially a black box to oversee the investigation of energy wire which is found.

The administration of transportation security is funded and is known for its role in the security of aviation. It is tasked to ensure the biggest gas transmission companies to stay at a step which is ahead of the hackers. The security of TSA pipeline may have remained understaffed to tackle the cybersecurity. The persistent threats have number of advanced technologies which is going after the energy system of US which have grown since the series of intrusion. It may appear to increase the activity level, maturity threat actors and sophistication.

It may also wish to disrupt the power system of US bulk and the gas transmission of US and the electric utility which is holding the dominion energy company. With the exchange and securities, it is noted in a recent filing with echoing same disclosures in the industry from its publicly traded peers (Blake,2019). References: Blake Sobczak, Hannah Northey (2019) Cyber raises threat against America's energy backbone.

Paper For Above Instructions

Response to Discussion 1 (Shalee Kumano): Abnormal Behavior — Clarifying Indicators

Shalee raises important points about how abnormal behavior is judged by societal standards, unpredictability, and maladaptiveness. I agree and would add that contemporary clinical definitions combine multiple criteria rather than relying on a single behavior (Hooley et al., 2017). The DSM-5 stresses dysfunction, distress, deviance, and risk of harm as key considerations (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Cultural context is crucial: what appears deviant in one cultural frame (e.g., barefoot practices among the Aeta) may be normative in another; clinicians must apply cultural formulation to avoid pathologizing cultural practices (Kleinman, 1988; WHO, 2013).

Regarding unpredictability and mood swings, these behaviors can reflect transient stressors, substance effects, or a mood disorder; assessment must consider duration, severity, and impairment (Hooley et al., 2017). Your example of excessive cardio suggests a potential maladaptive coping pattern (possibly related to body image disturbance or exercise addiction). A functional assessment, asking how the behavior affects work, relationships, and health, helps determine clinical significance (NIMH, 2020). In short, use multi-criterion assessment, cultural competence, and functional impact to distinguish eccentricity from disorder (Hooley et al., 2017; Kleinman, 1988).

Response to Discussion 2 (Taylor Morse): Deviance, Maladaptation, and Cultural Variation

Taylor’s structure (deviance, maladaptiveness, cultural variation) is a useful mnemonic. I concur that deviance is relative, and maladaptive coping (e.g., substance use after job loss) is a frequent pathway to clinically significant problems. Research shows that stress-related substance use often begins as avoidance and can become a chronic maladaptive pattern when it impairs functioning (Koob & Volkow, 2016). Not all illegal acts are pathological; legal and moral frameworks differ from clinical criteria (APA, 2013).

Adding to your point about culture, developmental stage and historical context shape norms: behaviors typical for adolescents may be abnormal in older adults, and historical shifts (e.g., attitudes to sexuality) change deviance judgments (Kirmayer, 2001). For clinical practice, the Cultural Formulation Interview in DSM-5 helps map cultural meaning (DSM-5, APA, 2013). Finally, differential diagnosis is essential: distinguish grief, adjustment disorder, and major depression after job loss, because treatment and prognosis differ (NIMH, 2020).

Response to Discussion 3: Cybersecurity Threats to the U.S. Energy Sector

The student correctly highlights growing cyber threats to energy infrastructure and the need for coordinated defense. Evidence confirms that nation-state actors and criminal groups have targeted pipelines and utilities, seeking data theft and potential disruption (Onyeji et al., 2014; Sobczak & Northey, 2019). The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is widely recommended for critical infrastructure owners to assess and manage risk (NIST, 2018). Mandating use of the framework by executive agencies and encouraging private sector adoption improves baseline security posture.

Operational recommendations include: (1) segmentation of industrial control systems (ICS) from enterprise networks, (2) regular patching and vulnerability scanning, and (3) exercising incident response plans that include physical and cyber contingencies (NIST SP 800-82; DHS, 2018). Situational awareness through Security Operations Centers and threat intelligence sharing (ISA-99 / NIST guidelines) reduces dwell time for adversaries (Stouffer, Falco, & Scarfone, 2011). Finally, public–private partnerships and transparency requirements for traded infrastructure can bolster resilience, but must balance disclosure with adversary reconnaissance risks (Onyeji et al., 2014; Sobczak & Northey, 2019).

In summary, the threat is credible and requires combined technical controls, governance (risk management), and workforce development to sustain defense (NIST, 2018; DHS, 2018).

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: APA.
• Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Nock, M. K., & Mineka, S. (2017). Abnormal Psychology (17th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
• Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. Free Press.
• World Health Organization. (2013). Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020. WHO.
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2020). Understanding Mental Disorders. NIMH.
• Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773.
• Onyeji, I., Bazilian, M., & Bronk, C. (2014). Cyber security and critical energy infrastructure. The Electricity Journal, 27(2), 52–60.
• Sobczak, B., & Northey, H. (2019). Cyber raises threat against America's energy backbone. E&E News.
• NIST. (2018). Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
• Stouffer, K., Falco, J., & Scarfone, K. (2011). Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security (NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 2). NIST.