Prepare A 1000-Word Academic Paper Summarizing And Comparing ✓ Solved

Prepare a 1000-word academic paper summarizing and comparing

Prepare a 1000-word academic paper summarizing and comparing three nursing theories from Pelletier: Ida Jean Orlando's Nursing Process Theory (Chapter 16), Margaret Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness (Chapter 17), and Nola J. Pender's Health Promotion Model (Chapter 18). For each theory include: overview; major concepts (person, environment, health, nursing); key assumptions and propositions; brief critique; and application as a framework for nursing practice covering assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Use in-text citations and include 10 credible references.

Paper For Above Instructions

Introduction

Nursing theory provides frameworks that guide assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation in clinical practice. This paper summarizes and compares three influential middle-range and grand nursing theories discussed by Pelletier: Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory, Margaret Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness, and Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model. For each theory I present an overview, major concepts (person, environment, health, nursing), key assumptions and propositions, a brief critique, and practical application to the nursing process (assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation) (Orlando, 1961; Newman, 1994; Pender et al., 2006).

Ida Jean Orlando — Nursing Process Theory (Overview and Concepts)

Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory emphasizes the reciprocal, interactive exchange between nurse and patient in which the nurse’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings guide inquiry to identify and relieve patient distress (Orlando, 1961). Major concepts: Person (patient with unmet needs), Environment (context of nurse–patient contact), Health (sense of adequacy/well-being from fulfilled needs), and Nursing (autonomous professional function to meet patient needs) (Alligood, 2014).

Assumptions and Propositions

Orlando assumes nursing is distinct from other disciplines, that patients’ needs are unique and meaningful, and that nurses’ immediate reactions are important data requiring reflection rather than automatic responses. Propositions state that accurate labeling of perceptions and nurse–patient inquiry reduce patient distress and produce improved behavior (Orlando, 1961).

Brief Critique

The theory is practical, inductively derived, and particularly useful for beginning nurses who need a clear process for interactional assessment (Fawcett, 2005). Its relative simplicity is a strength for clinical use, though some critique its limited scope for addressing broader systemic or chronic care issues (George, 2011).

Application to Nursing Practice

Assessment: deliberate inquiry into patient cues to clarify meaning; Planning: collaborative identification of needed help; Implementation: direct or indirect help based on patient capability; Evaluation: focus on whether patient distress was reduced and need communicated (Orlando, 1961). This makes Orlando directly applicable at the bedside for acute interactional problems (Alligood, 2014).

Margaret Newman — Health as Expanding Consciousness (Overview and Concepts)

Newman’s theory frames health as an evolving pattern of consciousness that includes disease as meaningful in the individual’s pattern of life (Newman, 1994). Major concepts: Person (center of consciousness with unique patterns), Environment (energy field/universe of open systems), Health (pattern of the whole where disease and non-disease fuse), and Nursing (caring, pattern-recognizing presence) (Newman, 1994).

Assumptions and Propositions

Newman assumes health encompasses disease and that patterns of person–environment interaction precede structural pathology. Consciousness and patterning evolve; movement and time reflect levels of consciousness. Propositions link pattern recognition with opportunities for transformation and expanding consciousness (Newman, 1994).

Brief Critique

The theory is philosophically rich and applicable across cultures, but its abstract nature makes direct operationalization and measurement challenging in conventional clinical settings (Walker & Avant, 2011). It is powerful for holistic, transformational care but may be less prescriptive for task-oriented interventions (Fawcett, 2005).

Application to Nursing Practice

Assessment: engage with the patient to develop a narrative and identify life patterns; Planning: co-create processes for meaning-making and transformation; Implementation: facilitate pattern recognition through dialogue and presence; Evaluation: assess shifts in consciousness and pattern integration rather than symptom elimination alone (Newman, 1994). Family and community pattern work extends the model to wider contexts (Alligood, 2014).

Nola J. Pender — Health Promotion Model (Overview and Concepts)

Pender’s Health Promotion Model centers on factors that influence individuals’ engagement in health-promoting behaviors: prior behavior, personal biological/psychological/sociocultural factors, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes (Pender et al., 2006). Major concepts: Person (individual as primary focus), Environment (physical, interpersonal, economic contexts), Health (a positive, high-level state), and Nursing (role in promoting self-efficacy and facilitating behavior change) (Pender et al., 2006).

Assumptions and Propositions

The model assumes people seek to realize human potential, can reflect on competencies, and self-regulate behavior. Propositions describe how prior behavior, perceived benefits/barriers, self-efficacy, affect, and interpersonal/situational influences determine commitment and action toward health behaviors (Pender et al., 2006).

Brief Critique

The model is pragmatic and widely used in health promotion interventions because it identifies modifiable determinants of behavior (Smith & Parker, 2015). Critics note that its focus on individual cognition may underemphasize structural determinants of health and complex social determinants (Butts & Rich, 2018).

Application to Nursing Practice

Assessment: collect data on prior behaviors, personal factors, perceived benefits/barriers, self-efficacy, and competing demands; Planning: collaboratively set a plan that enhances perceived benefits and self-efficacy; Implementation: apply strategies to modify environment, provide modeling and support; Evaluation: measure commitment, behavior adoption, and maintenance over time (Pender et al., 2006).

Comparison and Conclusion

Orlando provides a concrete, interaction-focused process ideal for immediate clinical encounters; Newman offers a holistic, transformative lens that reframes illness as pattern and opportunity for expanded consciousness; Pender supplies an evidence-informed, behavior-focused model useful for designing health-promotion interventions. Each theory contributes distinct strengths: Orlando’s practical bedside algorithm, Newman’s depth for meaning-centered care, and Pender’s utility for behavior change programs. Combining these perspectives can enrich nursing practice by addressing immediate distress, fostering meaning and transformation, and promoting sustainable health behaviors (Alligood, 2014; Fawcett, 2005).

References

• Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (8th ed.). Elsevier.
• Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2018). Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Fawcett, J. (2005). Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Theories (4th ed.). F.A. Davis.
• George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Pearson.
• Newman, M. A. (1994). Health as Expanding Consciousness (2nd ed.). National League for Nursing Press.
• Orlando, I. J. (1961). The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship. F.A. Davis.
• Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C. L., & Parsons, M. A. (2006). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (5th ed.). Pearson.
• Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (4th ed.). F.A. Davis.
• Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing (5th ed.). Pearson.
• Watson, J. (2008). Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring (Rev. ed.). University Press of Colorado.