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Projects compile a list of important characteristics of processors commonly employed in today’s personal computers. Conduct research on how to write the algorithms for shortest job next (SJN) and shortest remaining time (SRT) policies. Submit your findings in a report. Additional Resources History of operating systems: Dual-Core vs. Quad-Core CPUs: Intel® Coreâ„¢2 Quad Processors: Multi-core Enterprise Technology at Dell®:

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Introduction

Processors are the core components of personal computers, executing instructions that enable software applications and operating systems to operate efficiently. As technology has advanced, the characteristics of processors have evolved to meet increasing demands for speed, power efficiency, and multitasking capabilities. This report explores the essential characteristics of contemporary processors used in personal computers and examines the algorithms underlying two CPU scheduling policies: Shortest Job Next (SJN) and Shortest Remaining Time (SRT).

Important Characteristics of Modern Processors

Modern processors possess several key characteristics that define their performance and suitability for various computing tasks. These include:

1. Clock Speed / Frequency: Measured in gigahertz (GHz), it indicates how many cycles a processor can complete per second. Higher clock speeds generally mean faster processing (Hennessy & Patterson, 2012).

2. Number of Cores: Modern processors typically contain multiple cores, allowing parallel execution of tasks. Dual-core, quad-core, and even octa-core configurations improve multitasking and computational speed (Rabaey et al., 2018).

3. Cache Memory: Cache stores frequently accessed data close to the CPU, significantly reducing latency. Common levels include L1, L2, and L3 cache, with larger and faster caches improving performance (Hennessy & Patterson, 2012).

4. Hyper-Threading/Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT): Technology that enables a single core to execute multiple threads simultaneously, optimizing resource utilization (Intel, 2020).

5. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): The set of instructions the processor can execute, such as x86, ARM, or RISC-V, influencing compatibility and performance (Hennessy & Patterson, 2012).

6. Power Consumption and Thermal Design Power (TDP): Efficiency in power use is crucial for mobile devices, influencing battery life and device cooling requirements (Saxena et al., 2020).

7. Integrated Graphics Processing Units (GPU): Some processors include integrated GPUs for graphics rendering, aiding in gaming, multimedia, and scientific computations (NVIDIA, 2021).

8. Manufacturing Process Technology: Smaller nanometer (nm) process nodes, like 7nm or 5nm, allow for more transistors, reduced power consumption, and higher performance (Intel, 2020).

9. Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP): The ability of a processor to execute multiple instructions simultaneously to maximize throughput (Hennessy & Patterson, 2012).

10. Support for Modern Technologies: Features such as virtualization, security extensions, and advanced encryption influence the versatility and security of processors (Intel, 2020).

Understanding CPU Scheduling Algorithms

CPU scheduling is critical in managing how multiple processes share processor time efficiently. Algorithms such as Shortest Job Next (SJN) and Shortest Remaining Time (SRT) are designed to optimize turnaround time and ensure responsiveness.

Shortest Job Next (SJN) Algorithm

The SJN algorithm, also called Shortest Job First (SJF), selects the process with the minimum total execution time remaining. It is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm, meaning once a process starts executing, it cannot be interrupted until completion. The key to implementing SJN involves maintaining an ordered queue based on burst times, which requires prior knowledge of process durations.

Algorithm Steps:

1. Collect the list of processes with their expected execution times.

2. Sort processes based on their burst times.

3. Select the process with the shortest burst time for execution.

4. Repeat for remaining processes until all are completed.

Challenges:

- Requires accurate knowledge of process durations.

- Can lead to starvation if shorter processes keep arriving.

Shortest Remaining Time (SRT) Algorithm

SRT, also called preemptive SJF, is a preemptive scheduling policy where the process with the smallest remaining execution time is always selected for execution. If a new process arrives with a shorter remaining time than the current process, the current process is interrupted and replaced.

Algorithm Steps:

1. Continuously monitor process arrivals and their remaining execution times.

2. At each step, select the process with the shortest remaining time.

3. Preempt the current process if a new process arrives with a shorter remaining time.

4. Continue until all processes are complete.

Implementation Considerations:

- Requires frequent context switching.

- Relies on real-time process duration information.

Conclusion

Modern processors are characterized by multiple cores, high clock speeds, large cache sizes, and advanced features like hyper-threading, which collectively enhance computing performance. Understanding these characteristics helps in optimizing software and system designs. Meanwhile, scheduling algorithms like SJN and SRT play pivotal roles in managing CPU resources efficiently by minimizing waiting and turnaround times. While SJN offers simplicity for predictable workloads, SRT provides better responsiveness for dynamic environments with varying process durations, at the cost of increased overhead due to preemption. These algorithms' implementation intricacies highlight the importance of accurate process duration estimation and system responsiveness in multitasking operating systems.

References

• Hennessy, J. L., & Patterson, D. A. (2012). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann.
• Intel Corporation. (2020). Intel® 10th Gen Intel® Core™ Processor Family Product Specification.
• NVIDIA. (2021). NVIDIA GeForce GPUs: Architecture and Application. NVIDIA Corporation.
• Rabaey, J. M., Chandrakasan, A., & Ni, W. (2018). Digital integrated circuits. Pearson.
• Saxena, P., Kumar, A., & Singh, R. (2020). Power Management in Multi-core Processors. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 35(4), 755-769.
• Intel. (2020). Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (AVX-512) Technology. Intel Corporation.
• Additional resources on operating systems and multi-core technology available at Dell and other tech industry publications.