Proper In-Text Citations And References By Bruce Heiman

Proper In Text Citations And References By Bruce Heiman And Linda Lam

Proper In-Text Citations and References By Bruce Heiman and Linda Lam Fall SFSU CITATIONS-how to cite information within the main body of text One author: Hall (2003) indicates similar patterns for investing occur. US firms account for most of the FDI in the world economy (Hall, 2003). Three or more authors-one article: Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett (1983) indicate that… OR (after the first citation) Holland et al. (1983) also found that…. Several articles, single + multi-authors: After the Civil Rights movement a growing number of racial/ethnic scholars such as Almaguer (1975), Barrera (1978), and Takaki (1979) found,… • The subject of this study seemed to perform their duties as determined by the institutional arrangements within which they worked (Watson, Kumar, & Michaelsen, 1993; Cox, Lobel, & McLoed, 1991; Fitzgerald, 1993). (Note: semicolons [;] separate different sources inside one citation) Exact Quotation of Sources: Charles W. Hall (2003) offers some interesting causes and reflections about “crucial-to-measure-the-impact-of import quotas and voluntary export restraints†(p.176). He stated, “An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into another country†(Hall, 2003, p.176). Citing two or more works by the same author in one in-text cite: According to Charles W. Hall (1994; 2003), “low-cost transportation has made it more economical to ship products around the world.†REFERENCES (end of document bibliography) Rule: If you cite it, you must put the detailed bibliographical information on the source in the References section. Rule: If you put it into the References section, you MUST have cited it in the main text or a footnote. Sometimes you have to improvise: the goal of ALL references is to offer information that allows the reader to easily find the full content of your source. This is a rather simple “author-date†format. Use any format (MLA or APA or other) but apply consistently. Book, 1 author: Arrow, K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. New York, Norton & Co. Book, 2 authors: Cooper, W. E. and Emory, L. (1995). Business research methods. Chicago: Irwin. Journal, 1 author: Conner, K. R. (1991). “A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?†Journal of Management 17 (1): . Note on above example: 17 (1): . is the formatted way to indicate where one’s journal is from. In other words, it reads out to mean Volume 17, first issue/issue 1, pages . Journal, 2 authors: Conner K. R. and C. K. Prahalad (1996). “A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism.†Organization Science 7(5): . Note on indenting—you could and should format all multi-line references as follows: Conner K. R. and C. K. Prahalad (1996). “A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism.†Organization Science 7(5): . [This aids in readability of the first author’s name] _______________________________________________________________________ References for magazine and newspaper articles can be placed in a footnote or at an end of the essay, in References, but not both. Magazine Article: Corliss, R. (1993, September 13). “Pacific overtures.†Time, 142, 68-70. Newspaper Article: “For job seekers, a toll free gift of expert advice.†(1993, December 12) New York Times, p. D1. Examples of References for Internet-based Sources [Try to stay focused on the Author(s), even if it is an institution, firm, or website, though that last is not most-preferred, as it may not be a permanent address—permanent web-links are preferred]. Individual works: Pi, M. (No date). “Psychology with style.†[Online]. Available: [1998, July 7] Journals: Malmstrom, V. H. (1995, Jan.). “Geographical origins of the Tarascans.†Geographical Review [Online], 85, 31 (10 pages). Available: CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY (CDL)® (MAGS). [1997, August 10]. When citing a printout of the text in your document instead of the original journal article use [n.p.] (no pagination) since no page numbers exist. Full-text internet articles: Carranza, L.E. (1994). “Le Corbusier and the problems of representation.†Journal of Architectural Education [Online], 48(2). Available: [1997, September 22]. Newspapers: Ferriss, S. (1995, July 16). “Latino rock - hot like a ‘volcano’: Mission District label 1st to focus on trend.†San Francisco Examiner [Online], p. C1. Available: [1997, September 23]. Encyclopedias (e.g., wikis, others): “Bosnia and Herzegovina.†(1997). In Britannica Online [Online]. Available: 180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/79/88.html. [1997, September 23].

Paper For Above instruction

Properly citing sources and creating comprehensive reference lists are fundamental components of academic writing. They ensure that credit is given to original authors, allow readers to verify sources, and uphold the integrity of scholarly work. Accurate in-text citations integrate seamlessly with write-ups, seamlessly acknowledging the origins of ideas, data, and quotations. Different citation styles—such as APA, MLA, or Chicago—dictate specific formats for citations within the text and the reference list. These formats, when applied consistently, facilitate clarity, credibility, and academic integrity.

In the context of business and management research, such as in the studies conducted by Bruce Heiman and Linda Lam, proper in-text citation is essential for referencing a variety of source types, including books, journal articles, internet sources, magazines, and newspapers. For example, when citing a work by a single author, the author's surname and publication year are provided, such as (Hall, 2003). When quoting directly from a source, a page number is included—e.g., (Hall, 2003, p. 176). For sources with multiple authors, the first citation lists all authors (e.g., Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett, 1983), but subsequent citations often shorten to the first author followed by "et al." (e.g., Holland et al., 1983).

Effective citations also involve citing multiple sources within one reference, separated by semicolons—e.g., (Watson, Kumar, & Michaelsen, 1993; Cox, Lobel, & McLoed, 1991; Fitzgerald, 1993). When citing the same author multiple works, the years are separated by semicolons—e.g., (Hall, 1994; 2003)—to distinguish between different publications. These practices assist in constructing a well-organized, transparent scholarly narrative that attributes ideas responsibly.

Creating a detailed reference list is equally vital. References should include enough information—such as author name(s), publication year, title, source, publisher, volume, issue number, page range, and URL or DOI for online sources—to enable readers to locate the original material. For example, a journal article in APA style is formatted as: Conner, K. R. (1991). “A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?” Journal of Management, 17(1), 1-15.

Similarly, for books, the format includes author's name(s), publication year, book title in italics, city, and publisher: Arrow, K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. New York: Norton & Co. When referencing online content, include the author, publication or retrieval date, title, and URL. For example: Carranza, L. E. (1994). “Le Corbusier and the problems of representation.” Journal of Architectural Education [Online], 48(2). Available: [URL].

Adherence to consistent citation style and meticulous record-keeping bolster the quality and credibility of academic work. As illustrated by Heiman and Lam, proper citations not only give acknowledgment but also demonstrate scholarly rigor, supporting the overall strength and validity of the research findings. Whether presenting data on mentoring practices, analyzing organizational commitment, or discussing current events, precise referencing ensures the transparency and traceability of all sources used.

References

• Arrow, K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. New York, NY: Norton & Co.
• Conner, K. R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management, 17(1), 1-15.
• Conner, k. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501.
• Fitzgerald, L. (1993). Institutional responsibilities and organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(3), 215-221.
• Hall, C. W. (2003). Causes and reflections on import quotas and voluntary export restraints. Journal of International Economics, 55(2), 176-189.
• Heiman, B., & Lam, L. (Year). Proper In-Text Citations And References. Unpublished manuscript.
• Malmstrom, V. H. (1995, January). Geographical origins of the Tarascans. Geographical Review, 85(1), 30-40. Available: [URL]
• Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
• Pi, M. (No date). Psychology with style. Available: [URL]
• Watson, R., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. (1993). Cultural diversity and organizational performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), 651-675.