Provide For The 2 Articles Listed Below In 1 Or 2 Pages

Provide For The 2 Articles Listed Below In 1 2 Pages Single Spaced Pe

Provide for the 2 articles listed below in 1-2 pages single-spaced (per article) address the following: 1. Include the full reference for the article using the writing style specific to your program on the title page. a. APA Format b. Since multiple writing styles are in use within this course, on your title page, please note which style you are using within your assignment. This will help me cater my comments to the style you are using. The style you use need to be the one that is used within your program of study. 2. State the main goal(s) of the study 3. Summarize the research design, and discuss the research method(s) used to answer the research question or assess the hypothesis. 4. Summarize the results of the study. 5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the study's research design. 6. Provide a discussion on how the study can be moved forward. For example, how can the methods be used in your own research proposal? In what other research might these methods apply? Include two well phrased research questions that could be used in follow-on studies to the one reviewed. Format: You should have 1-inch margins on all 4 sides of your papers; your title page should include your name and date; you should use 12-point Times New Roman font throughout. Things to keep in mind: Avoid using the first person in formal writing and instead write with an academic voice throughout.

Paper For Above instruction

### Analysis of Recent Research Articles on Criminal Justice Topics

This paper provides an in-depth review of two scholarly articles in the field of criminal justice, focusing on their research goals, methodologies, results, strengths, limitations, and potential future applications. The articles analyzed are "Temporal Changes in Racial Violence, 1980 to 2006: A Latent Trajectory Approach" by Parker, Stansfield, and McCall (2016), and "Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The Role of Managerial Organizational Justice" by Nix and Wolfe (2016). Both studies utilize quantitative research designs to address pressing issues within criminal justice, with implications that extend to policy formulation, law enforcement practices, and further academic inquiry.

Article 1: Parker, Stansfield, and McCall (2016)

Full reference (APA style):

Parker, K. F., Stansfield, R., & McCall, P. L. (2016). Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A latent trajectory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 1-11.

This study aims to analyze the longitudinal trends in racial violence over a period from 1980 to 2006, seeking to identify distinct patterns and trajectories in the occurrence of such violence across different regions and timeframes. The primary goal is to understand how racial violence has evolved and whether specific interventions or societal changes have contributed to shifts in violence patterns over the decades.

Research design and methods: The authors employed a latent trajectory modeling approach, a form of longitudinal data analysis that identifies unobserved subpopulations within the data. Data were collected from crime reports, victim surveys, and official records documenting incidents of racial violence. The study used a quantitative, retrospective design to investigate the trajectories of racial violence across the 26-year span, with statistical techniques tailored for latent class identification and trajectory analysis.

Results: The findings revealed three distinct racial violence trajectories: persistent high levels, decreasing trends, and increasing patterns over the study period. Specific regions and demographic groups were associated with different trajectories, highlighting complex dynamics concerning racial violence and societal change. Notably, the decreasing trend was more prominent in areas with active community engagement and policy reforms, suggesting a link between intervention efforts and reduced violence.

Advantages and disadvantages: The study's strengths lie in its longitudinal approach, enabling the identification of nuanced patterns over an extended period, and the use of latent trajectory modeling, which uncovers hidden subpopulations. However, limitations include potential biases in crime reporting, inconsistency in data sources over time, and the challenge of establishing causal relationships from observational data.

Future directions: Building on these findings, future research could examine causal factors influencing changes in racial violence, perhaps through mixed-method approaches integrating qualitative insights. Additionally, applying similar trajectory analysis to contemporary datasets could reveal ongoing trends or shifts post-2006. Researchers could also explore intervention impacts more explicitly by incorporating policy and community variables into the models.

Implications for research proposals: The latent trajectory approach demonstrated here can be adapted to analyze patterns of police use of force or community crime rates in other settings. Follow-up research questions might include: "What social or policy factors contribute to the different racial violence trajectories identified?" and "How do community-based interventions influence the decline or escalation of racial violence over time?"

Article 2: Nix and Wolfe (2016)

Full reference (APA style):

Nix, J., & Wolfe, S. E. (2016). Sensitivity to the Ferguson effect: The role of managerial organizational justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 12-20.

This article investigates the perceptions and organizational responses within law enforcement agencies in relation to the Ferguson effect, which posits that heightened scrutiny and criticism of police may affect officer behavior and departmental morale. The main goal is to assess how perceptions of organizational justice among police managers influence their sensitivity to external pressures and, consequently, their operational decisions and attitudes toward community engagement.

Research design and methods: Nix and Wolfe utilized a survey-based, cross-sectional research design targeting law enforcement managers across various departments. The survey measured perceptions of procedural justice, distributive justice, and interactional justice, along with assessments of organizational trust and attitudes toward community policing. Quantitative data analysis, including regression models, was employed to identify relationships between perceptions of justice and managerial sensitivity to societal critiques like the Ferguson effect.

Results: The study found that higher perceptions of procedural and interactional justice among managers correlated with increased organizational trust and a greater tendency to maintain community-oriented policing practices despite external criticism. Conversely, perceptions of low justice were associated with a more defensive organizational stance and reduced engagement with community initiatives.

Advantages and disadvantages: The strengths include the focus on managerial perceptions, which are crucial in shaping departmental responses, and the use of validated survey instruments providing reliable data. Disadvantages include its cross-sectional nature, which limits causal inferences, and potential response biases, such as social desirability effects, which could skew findings.

Future research: Future studies could employ a longitudinal design to examine how perceptions of justice evolve over time and influence organizational behavior during different political or social climates. Implementing qualitative interviews could deepen understanding of managerial attitudes. Additionally, applying these findings to experimental or intervention studies could assess strategies for enhancing perceptions of justice to improve police-community relations.

Research questions for follow-up: 1. How do changes in departmental policies aimed at increasing procedural justice affect officers' perceptions of community engagement? 2. In what ways do organizational justice perceptions mediate the relationship between external scrutiny and police performance outcomes?

Conclusion

The two articles reviewed demonstrate innovative uses of quantitative research methods to explore critical issues in criminal justice. The latent trajectory approach in the first article offers valuable insights into temporal racial violence patterns, while the focus on organizational justice in the second highlights the importance of managerial perceptions in police-community dynamics. Future research should aim to incorporate mixed-method designs and longitudinal tracking to deepen understanding and inform effective policymaking and law enforcement practices.

References

• Parker, K. F., Stansfield, R., & McCall, P. L. (2016). Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A latent trajectory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 1-11.
• Nix, J., & Wolfe, S. E. (2016). Sensitivity to the Ferguson effect: The role of managerial organizational justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 12-20.
• Chandler, D. (2014). Introduction to research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. SAGE Publications.
• Fink, A. (2015). How to conduct surveys: A step-by-step guide. SAGE Publications.
• Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press.
• Ludwig, J., & Kling, J. R. (2007). Significance of availability of quality data in evaluating policy impacts. Perspectives on Politics, 5(4), 731-737.
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage Publications.
• Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. Sage Publications.
• Trochim, W. M. (2006). Research methods knowledge base. Cincinnati, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing.
• Wirth, W. (2018). Policy analysis in criminal justice. Routledge.