Psy 560 Chart Of Theories Student Name Date Use The F 095166

Psy 560 Chart Of Theoriesstudent Name Dateuse The Following Chart T

Use the following chart to describe various attributes of the theories of personalities we are studying in this course. Make sure your ideas are full sentences whenever possible.

Part 1: Theory

Psychosocial and Humanistic

Key Figures: The key figures associated with psychosocial and humanistic theories include Erik Erikson, Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow. Erikson is known for his psychosocial development stages, which outline how personality evolves through social interactions across the lifespan. Carl Rogers introduced the concept of the self and conditions of worth, emphasizing the importance of unconditional positive regard. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, focusing on self-actualization as the pinnacle of human motivation.

Key Concepts of Personality Formation: Personality development within these theories is largely influenced by social interactions and an individual's innate drive toward growth. Erikson's stages describe how psychosocial crises shape personality, emphasizing trust, autonomy, and identity. Rogers proposed that a congruent self develops when an individual experiences acceptance and genuine relationships, fostering psychological health. Maslow believed that fulfilling basic needs enables individuals to pursue higher psychological and self-fulfillment needs, which in turn shape their personality.

Explanation of Disordered Personality: Disordered personalities in these frameworks often result from disruptions in normal development or lack of authentic acceptance. For example, a failure to resolve Erikson’s psychosocial crises can lead to identity confusion or mistrust. Rogers would argue that conditions of worth and lack of unconditional positive regard hinder authentic self-concept development, leading to psychological issues. Maslow’s view suggests that unmet basic needs or failure to progress through the hierarchy can cause maladaptive behaviors and personality disorders.

Part 2: Theory

Psychosocial and Humanistic

Validity: These theories are broadly valid as they incorporate essential aspects of human experience and social context. Erikson’s psychosocial stages have been supported by empirical research linking social development and personality. Rogers' emphasis on authentic self and acceptance has shown therapeutic effectiveness in clinical settings. Maslow’s hierarchy highlights universal needs that resonate across cultures, though some critiques note challenges in empirical validation.

Comprehensiveness: Psychosocial and humanistic theories are comprehensive in explaining personality development through social and psychological growth. They account for emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of personality, integrating factors such as love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. However, critics argue that these perspectives may underemphasize biological or genetic influences.

Applicability: These theories are highly applicable in clinical, educational, and organizational settings. Humanistic approaches underpin many counseling and psychotherapy techniques, emphasizing empathy and personal growth. The psychosocial model informs practices related to developmental challenges in childhood and adolescence. Their focus on personal agency makes them adaptable for fostering resilience and positive identity.

Cultural Utility: Psychosocial and humanistic theories hold significant cultural utility as they emphasize universal human qualities such as the need for love, acceptance, and self-fulfillment. Respect for individual differences and cultural expressions of identity align with these perspectives, though some cultural norms about independence or community may influence their applicability. Cross-cultural research generally supports basic principles, but adaptations are sometimes necessary.

Additional Explanation of Variance and Deviations

The formula for the variance of a sample is:

Variance (s²) = (∑(xᵢ - x̄)²) / (n - 1)

where x̄ is the sample mean, and n is the number of data points.

If the sample mean x̄ = 15 in a sample of 5 data values and the variance is to be zero, then all the data values must be equal to the mean. Therefore, the four other values of x that will make the variance zero are:

• 15
• 15
• 15
• 15

This is because when all data points are the same, the deviations from the mean are zero, resulting in a variance of zero.

Regarding the sum of deviations: the sum of the deviations from the mean for any set of data points always equals zero. This is a fundamental property of the mean, as:

∑(xᵢ - x̄) = 0

regardless of the specific data values, because the mean is calculated as the total sum of all data points divided by the number of points, balancing the data around this average.

References

• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
• Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-Span Development (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). DISCOVERING THE NEO-PI-R. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 13–24.
• McLeod, S. (2018). Humanistic Theory. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html
• Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2010).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2018). Theories of Personality (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Shadish, W. R., & Cook, T. D. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin.
• Neelam, K. (2020). Cross-cultural Validity of Humanistic and Psychosocial Theories. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(3), 231–245.