Question 11 Chapter 14: What Is The Difference Between Overl
Question 11 Chapter 14what Is The Difference Between Overloading An
QUESTION . [Chapter 14] What is the difference between overloading an inherited function and redefining an inherited function? QUESTION 2 1. [Chapter 14 / 15] What is the difference between static and late binding of a function definition and how does this relate to redefining and overriding functions? QUESTION 3 1. [Chapter 14] In what ways are constructors and destructors of a base class accessible to the child class? (They aren't inherited exactly, but...) QUESTION 4 1. [Chapter 14] Where / how can the public members of a base class be invoked by a child class? What about the protected members? What about the private members? QUESTION . [Chapter 14 / 15] Suppose that the class Parent and its derived class Child have the following member function definitions: int Child::getValue(){ return 5; } int Parent::getValue(){ return 7; } int Parent::getDoubleValue(){ return getValue()2; } Assuming that getValue is not a virtual function, what will be output by the following code snippet in the main function (assuming everything else is written / libraries are included properly)? Child myChild; Parent myParent; std::cout class Person{ public: Person(); Person(std::string theName); std::string getName() const; std::string setName(); private: std::string name; }; #endif QUESTION 9 1. [Chapter 14] Write the definitions of the two Student constructors from Question 8. They should invoke the necessary constructors from the base class. QUESTION . [Chapter 15] 1) Write a line of code for the declaration of getGPA from question 8 to make it a virtual function. (Remember to prevent the calling object from being modified, since this is an accessor). 2) Write a line of code for the declaration of getGPA from question 8 modified to be a pure virtual function. (Remember to prevent the calling object from being modified, since this is an accessor). QUESTION 11 1. [Chapter 15] 1) What is the purpose of an abstract class. 2) What makes a class "abstract?" 3) What prevents a derived class of an abstract class from also being abstract? QUESTION 12 1. [Chapter 15] Consider the definitions of Person and Student from question 8. Suppose we have the following code: Student myStudent("Matt", 5, 7); Person myPerson = myStudent; This causes what is called the "slicing problem." Exactly what is the problem? (Describe the potential semantic error caused by this code). QUESTION 13 1. [Chapter 15] Consider the code from Question 5. Assuming that getValue is virtual function, what will now be output by the code snippets in question 5? QUESTION 14 1. [Chapter 15] Assume that HighSchoolStudent inherits from the Student class from question 8 and that the Student class has a pure virtual function definition for getGPA. Write a declaration statement for getGPA in the HighSchoolStudent class which will override the definition from Student and prevent derived classes of HighSchoolStudent from further overriding the definition of getGPA. QUESTION 15 1. [Chapter 14 / 15] Write a definition for the getGPA function for the HighSchoolStudent class. It should return the value of qualityPoints / numCredits if that value is positive and does not exceed 5; otherwise getGPA should return -1.0. Note: qualityPoints and numCredits should have both been defined as private data within the Student class. QUESTION 16 1. [Chapter 15] Consider the following proposed functions of a 2DShape class. We have four options for each one: A) make it a normal function, B) make it a virtual function, C) make it a pure virtual function, D) don't include it at all. Choose one of these four options for each proposed functions and explain why that is the proper choice. 1) getArea() 2) getRadius() 3) getColor() QUESTION 17 1. [Chapter 14/ 15] Tough Question: Suppose you want to define a function in a base class (it's not inheriting from anyone) and you want to prevent anyone from redefining it. How could you accomplish that? QUESTION 18 1. [Chapter 16] Write a template function definition for a function named swap. It will take two generic objects of the same type and swap them using the = operator. The end result is that the data stored in val1 will be stored in val2 and vice-versa (as per their type's definition of the = operator). [Blackboard Note: If you put a space after the you don't need to add this part of the code */ }; QUESTION 21 1. [Chapter 16] Why is the concept of a "deck" a good example application of a class template? QUESTION 22 1. [Chapter 16] Write a definition for the getData member function declared in the BTNode class definition from question 19. It should return the genericly typed private data value. QUESTION 23 1. [Chapter Discord] Other than Overwatch, because he is already thinking about getting that, which PC game would you like Dr. Spradling to get if it is on sale for black friday / cyber monday? [If you don't care or don't have any requests that's fine, but answer "don't care" or something rather than skipping the question or else I wont be able to give credit for skipping it!]
Paper For Above instruction
The distinction between overloading and redefining inherited functions is fundamental in object-oriented programming, particularly in C++. Overloading occurs when multiple functions share the same name but differ in parameter lists within the same scope or class. It allows functions to perform similar tasks with different input parameters, facilitating ease of use and code readability. Conversely, redefining, often associated with function overriding, involves providing a new implementation of a base class function in a derived class. This is especially significant when combined with virtual functions, enabling polymorphic behavior where the function call is resolved at runtime. Overloading is a compile-time concept, whereas redefining, when virtual functions are involved, supports dynamic binding, allowing derived classes to customize base class behavior.
Static binding, occurring at compile time, determines the function call based on the static type of the pointer or reference. Late binding, or dynamic binding, occurs at runtime and allows for the correct overridden function to be called based on the actual object type. The use of virtual functions facilitates late binding, supporting polymorphism. When a derived class redefines a virtual function, the function call is resolved dynamically, ensuring the appropriate version is invoked depending on the object’s actual type, rather than the static type of the pointer or reference.
Constructors and destructors of a base class are not inherited directly by derived classes. However, they are accessible within the derived class through explicit calls in the initialization list or destructor. The base class constructors can be invoked using an initializer list in the derived class constructor, allowing initialization of the base part of the object. Destructor accessibility depends on the destructor’s access specifier; typically, destructors are public to ensure proper object cleanup. If a base class destructor is virtual, it guarantees proper cleanup of derived class objects when deleted via base class pointers.
Public members of a base class can be invoked directly by a derived class, as they are accessible according to their access specifier. Protected members are also accessible within derived classes and can be invoked directly or through protected member functions. Private members of a base class are not directly accessible by a derived class; instead, they are encapsulated, and the derived class can access them only through public or protected member functions of the base class.
When getValue is not a virtual function, the code snippet demonstrates static binding. MyParent’s getValue() returns 7, as it is called directly on a Parent object. Similarly, getDoubleValue() calls Parent’s getValue() directly, returning 14, because the method itself is not virtual. However, for MyChild, getValue() returns 5 from Child, while getDoubleValue() will invoke Parent’s version for getValue(), again returning 14. If getValue were declared virtual, the output would reflect dynamic binding, displaying Child’s getValue() in getDoubleValue(), hence changing the output accordingly.
Children of the same base class inherit the members defined by the base class and their own members. They do not share their individual members with each other directly; each child maintains its own set of data members. The common members provided by the base class are shared, but the child-specific members are distinct, illustrating inheritance’s ability to promote code reuse without data sharing between child objects.
In inheritance hierarchies, access to base class members in a derived class depends on the access specifier used. By default, if B inherits from A publicly, C inheriting from B does not automatically have the same access to A’s members as B does. The access to A’s protected and public members depends on the inheritance type: public inheritance preserves access levels, while private inheritance can restrict access, effectively changing the accessibility for further derived classes. Therefore, unless specified, C will not have the same access to A’s members that B does, especially if the inheritance is not public.
The interface file for the Student class inheriting from Person includes private data members for qualityPoints and numCredits, accessor functions for these, and a function to compute GPA, all with const correctness. The class also includes constructors that invoke the base class constructor and set the private data members. Proper declarations incorporate const where appropriate to prevent modification of the object when accessing data, aligning with encapsulation principles. This structure supports inheritance, data encapsulation, and ease of use.
The constructor definitions for Student should invoke the base class constructor explicitly, passing the name, and initialize their own data members accordingly. This ensures proper object creation following inheritance principles. For example, the default constructor would initialize with default values, while the parameterized constructor would pass the name to the Person class constructor and initialize qualityPoints and numCredits with provided values.
To make getGPA a virtual function, the declaration syntax within the class must include the keyword virtual, which indicates to the compiler that this function supports dynamic dispatch when overridden. To declare it as pure virtual, assigning = 0 to the function declares the class abstract, preventing instantiation and requiring derived classes to override this method. These modifications foster polymorphism and abstract class design, fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming.
An abstract class serves as a blueprint for derived classes and cannot be instantiated directly. Classes are made abstract by including at least one pure virtual function, which has no implementation in the abstract class. This enforces that subclasses must provide specific implementations for these functions. Importantly, a class with other functions implemented but with at least one pure virtual function remains abstract, ensuring it cannot be instantiated directly.
The slicing problem occurs when an object of a derived class is assigned to an object of a base class by value, like Person myPerson = myStudent;. This process slices off the derived class-specific parts of the object, leaving only the base class portion. As a result, any derived-specific data or behavior is lost, leading to potential semantic errors such as lost data or incorrect program behavior, especially if polymorphism was intended.
If getValue is declared virtual, invoking getValue through base class pointers or references will now call the derived class’s overridden version. The output reflects polymorphic behavior, returning the value as defined in the derived class (e.g., 5 for Child), rather than the base class’s default. This demonstrates runtime polymorphism, crucial for flexible and extensible code design.
In HighSchoolStudent, which inherits from Student with a pure virtual getGPA, overriding this function with a concrete implementation is essential. Declaring it with the override specifier ensures that it correctly overrides the base class’s pure virtual method, and adding final prevents further overrides, thus consolidating the class’s abstraction through virtual function handling.
The getGPA function in HighSchoolStudent must return the quotient of qualityPoints and numCredits if it is positive and at most 5; otherwise, it should return -1. This function uses the class’s private data members inherited from Student. It ensures to handle edge cases where the computed GPA might be invalid, providing consistent and meaningful output consistent with academic grading schemes.
For getArea(), making it a virtual function allows derived shape classes to customize the calculation based on shape specifics. For getRadius(), typically only relevant in circles; making it virtual or not depends on whether other shapes use radius (e.g., circles), and it may not be applicable to all. For getColor(), if color is stored as a property, a normal function suffices unless different behaviors are needed in derived classes, in which case making it virtual is advantageous.
To prevent a function in a base class from being redefined by derived classes, declaring it as final (in C++11 and later) ensures that no further overrides are permitted. Alternatively, making the function private or static, depending on context, can also restrict redefinition. Using the final specifier explicitly communicates intent and enforces this restriction at compile time.
The swap function template exchanges the values of two objects of the same type using the assignment operator. It temporarily stores one object’s value, assigns the other’s value to it, then assigns the stored value to the second object. This generic implementation relies on the assignment operator being properly defined for the data type, ensuring an efficient and type-safe swap.
The BTNode class template provides a flexible node structure for binary trees, storing data of a generic type and pointers to parent and child nodes. Including constructors and an accessor for data allows for easy creation and traversal of tree structures. The default constructor initializes pointers to null, while the parameterized constructor allows custom initialization of all members. The getData method returns the contained data, facilitating data access within tree algorithms.
To derive specialBTNode from the generic BTNode class template, specify the template argument and inheritance syntax, for example: class specialBTNode : public BTNode
A "deck," representing a collection of cards, is an ideal example application for a class template because it can handle various data types representing different card suits, ranks, or other card attributes. Templates promote code reuse across different deck implementations, accommodating diverse card types without rewriting the class, which promotes flexibility and efficiency.
The getData member function in BTNode returns the private data member storing the node’s data of the generic type. Its implementation involves simply returning this data member, enabling access to the node’s data during tree traversal operations. Proper encapsulation is maintained by keeping the data member private and providing a public accessor method.
Beyond the technical scope, asking about PC games like Black Friday or Cyber Monday sales allows participants to express preferences or interests in gaming. The response can be a personal choice like a specific game or a simple indication of indifference, which highlights individual gaming interests or lack thereof, encouraging a more engaging and diverse discussion.
References
- Stroustrup, B. (2013). The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley.
- Snyder, L. (2006). Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications. Addison-Wesley.
- Lippman, S. B., Lajoie, J., & Moo, B. (2012). C++ Primer. Addison-Wesley.
- MSC, A. (2011). Effective C++. Pearson Education.
- Meyers,