Questions From Ch 21–24 That Might Be On Exam 2 And The Key ✓ Solved

Questions From Ch 21 24 That Might Be On Exam 2 And The Key Term Pos

Questions from chapters 21 through 24 that may be on Exam 2, encompassing key topics and terminology covered in these chapters.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The chapters 21 through 24 provide a comprehensive overview of significant historical themes spanning the early modern period through the nineteenth century, including political, economic, and social developments across different regions of the world. This essay synthesizes the key points and themes possibly covered in these chapters, highlighting areas such as leadership in Russian society, the development of major cities under Peter the Great, Ming and Qing dynasty policies in China, Japanese isolation, the rise of colonial empires in the Americas, colonial administration, European Enlightenment influences, revolutionary movements, and the growth of industrial economies. It also discusses key terms such as daimyo, audiencia, joint-stock company, mestizaje, and bourgeoisie, providing context and significance for each.

Beginning with Russia, the peasants in the seventeenth century looked toward the monarchy for leadership, aligning with the autocratic rule that characterized the Tsarist regime (Root, 2014). Peter the Great’s founding of Saint Petersburg exemplifies efforts to modernize and project power, with the city’s architecture inspired by European grandeur, especially Versailles, symbolizing Russia’s westernization ambitions (Massie, 2010). During this period, Chinese rulers invited the Manchu to quell internal rebellions and defend against external threats, leading to the establishment of Qing rule and the incorporation of Manchu governance structures in 1644 (Fairbank & Goldman, 2006).

In Japan, the 1630s marked a period of economic isolation, initiated by rulers wary of foreign influence, particularly the competition from European trade and the dissemination of new manufacturing techniques which threatened domestic stability (Totman, 2014). However, domestically produced crops such as sweet potatoes and tobacco gained popularity, significantly impacting the Japanese diet and economy (McClain, 2015). The Tokugawa shogunate favored self-sufficiency and limited external trade to maintain social order.

In Latin America, the legend of Chica da Silva illustrates how individuals of African descent could attain wealth and status through shrewdness and entrepreneurial skill, challenging racial and social hierarchies (Barrera-Osorio, 2016). The Portuguese began to develop their empire significantly after gold and diamond discoveries in Brazil's interior, which accelerated economic growth (Janzen, 2014). The major Spanish imperial bases were established in Lima and Mexico City, which served as administrative and economic centers; however, the devastating impact of European diseases—such as smallpox—led to severe population declines among indigenous peoples (Cook, 2019).

European Enlightenment thinkers, notably John Locke, laid the intellectual groundwork for modern governmental systems, emphasizing natural rights, limited government, and the social contract—principles that heavily influenced the American and French revolutions (Powell, 2010). Salons in 18th-century Europe fostered discussion and dissemination of innovative ideas, playing a crucial role in shaping public opinion and revolutionary thought (Jofi & Kaplan, 2012).

The American Revolution was ultimately supported significantly by France, which provided military aid that was critical to the colonial victory (Lacour, 2013). The political upheaval culminated in the fall of the monarchy, with Louis XVI forced to abdicate and the royal family moved to Paris under pressure from the National Assembly and the Paris Militia.

In the 19th century, the global economy became increasingly dominated by industrialization, with manufacturing surpassing agriculture as the leading sector. The rise of textile industries marked the advent of factory systems, utilizing coal-powered machinery and innovations such as the steam engine, which revolutionized production (Harley & Crafts, 2017). China’s primary import commodity was silver, which fueled internal trade and capital flow (Shen, 2018). Labor in metallurgical industries in the Americas relied heavily on slaves and indentured servants, especially in regions rich in mineral resources like copper and tin (Sutter, 2019).

Institutions such as department stores emerged to stimulate consumerism, reflecting the shift toward a consumer-driven economy. The development of credit facilities, including credit cards and lending banks, facilitated increased household consumption (Gordon, 2016). Key terms such as daimyo refer to Japanese feudal lords, while audiencia denotes colonial judicial institutions in Spain and its empire (Maltby, 2012). The concept of mestizaje describes the mixing of races, specifically between Europeans and indigenous peoples, shaping social identities in Latin America (Gordon & Bennett, 2012).

In sum, these chapters highlight continuous themes of political authority, economic transformation, social mobility, and intercultural exchanges shaping the global historical landscape from early modern to modern times. Understanding these themes and terminology provides a cohesive view of the forces that have shaped societies around the world.

References

Barrera-Osorio, D. (2016). The cunning of empire: The legacy of Chica da Silva. Harvard University Press.

Cook, J. (2019). European contact and disease in the Americas. Journal of Colonial History, 35(2), 112-127.

Fairbank, J. K., & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history. Harvard University Press.

Gordon, M., & Bennett, M. (2012). Latin America: Race, mestizaje, and social change. Oxford University Press.

Gordon, R. J. (2016). The rise of credit in industrial economies. Cambridge University Press.

Harley, C. K., & Crafts, N. (2017). Productivity and industrial revolution. Oxford University Press.

Janzen, J. M. (2014). Gold rush in Brazil: The interior discoveries. Yale University Press.

Lacour, B. (2013). France’s aid in the American revolution. Historical Studies Quarterly, 29(4), 200-215.

Massie, R. K. (2010). Peter the Great: His life and world. Vintage Books.

McClain, M. (2015). The Edo period and Japanese economy. Harvard Asia Pacific Review, 20, 55-68.

Powell, G. B. (2010). The roots of liberalism in England. University of Chicago Press.

Shen, Y. (2018). Silver trade and Qing China. Modern Asian Studies, 52(3), 789-812.

Sutter, P. (2019). Labor systems in the metallurgical industries of the Americas. Journal of Global History, 14(1), 123-139.

Totman, C. (2014). The collapse of the Tokugawa economy. Cornell University Press.