Reading Guide 4 Chem 101 Check Here If You Want Your Paper R ✓ Solved

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Reading Guide 4 Chem 101 Check Here If You Want Your Paper Retu

1. Express in your own words the meaning of these terms:

a. Spectrum

b. Ground State

c. Excited State

d. Quantum

e. Valence

f. Shell

g. Subshell

h. Orbital

i. Periodic

j. Insulator

k. Semiconductor

l. Noble Gas

m. Ion

n. Cation

o. Anion

2. What is the difference between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum?

3. Who proposed the Shell Model of the hydrogen atom based on small energy steps between adjacent levels for electrons?

4. Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is higher in ENERGY, γ-rays or radio waves?

5. Who proposed the mathematical wave theory that explained the existence of orbitals?

6. Give the general subshell filling order for electrons in ground state atoms.

7. Name one of the elements Mendeleev predicted to exist prior to its discovery.

8. Which are vertical columns on the periodic table, periods or groups?

9. Metals are generally found on which side of the periodic table, left or right?

10. Which have elements with similar chemical & physical properties, periods or groups?

11. Which groups (by number) are referred to as the “Main Groups” or representative groups?

12. How many nonmetals are there on the periodic table?

13. Based on the Lewis Dot Symbols in Table 3.5, predict the Lewis Dot Symbols for these elements:

a. Strontium, Sr, atomic number 38

b. Selenium, Se, atomic number 34

c. Iodine, I, atomic number 53

14. In which direction on the periodic table, left to right or right to left, do the atomic radii of the elements generally increase?

15. In which direction on the periodic table, top to bottom or bottom to top, do the atomic radii of the elements generally increase?

16. The elements in Group 1 are referred to as Alkali Metals. What are the elements in Group 2 called? What are the elements in Group 17 called?

Paper For Above Instructions

1. The term "spectrum" refers to the range of different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This can be visualized as a rainbow, which occurs when light is dispersed into its component colors. Similarly, the "ground state" of an atom is its lowest energy state, where electrons are in the closest possible orbit to the nucleus. In contrast, an "excited state" arises when an electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher energy orbital. "Quantum" relates to the smallest discrete quantity of energy, fundamental in understanding atomic and subatomic processes.

2. A "valence" electron is an electron in the outer shell of an atom that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds, while "shell" and "subshell" denote the hierarchical structure of electron orbitals. An "orbital" is a region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron. The term "periodic" pertains to the periodic law, stating that elements exhibit recurring chemical properties when arranged by atomic number. An "insulator" is a material that resists the flow of electric current, while a "semiconductor" has conductivity between that of an insulator and a conductor, used widely in electronics.

3. A "noble gas" refers to a group of elements in Group 18 of the periodic table that are characterized by their lack of reactivity due to having a full valence shell. The term "ion" describes an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, leading to a net positive (cation) or negative charge (anion).

4. The difference between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum is that a continuous spectrum shows a complete range of wavelengths without any gaps, while a line spectrum consists of discrete lines at specific wavelengths, indicating particular energy transitions within an atom.

5. The Shell Model of the hydrogen atom was proposed by Niels Bohr, who demonstrated that electrons move in fixed orbits around the nucleus with quantized energy levels.

6. In terms of the electromagnetic spectrum, γ-rays possess higher energy compared to radio waves, indicating that they are situated at the higher frequency end of the spectrum.

7. The general subshell filling order follows the Aufbau principle: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.

8. Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of several elements, including gallium, which was discovered after Mendeleev's contributions to the periodic table.

9. Periods are the horizontal rows in the periodic table, while groups are the vertical columns, where elements exhibit similar chemical properties.

10. Metals are generally located on the left side of the periodic table, while nonmetals are primarily found on the right.

11. Groups 1, 2, and 13-18 are referred to as the "Main Groups" or representative groups.

12. There are a total of 18 nonmetals on the periodic table, including hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and more.

13. The Lewis Dot Symbols for the elements are: a. Sr: 2; b. Se: 6; c. I: 7.

14. Generally, the atomic radii of elements decrease from left to right across a period in the periodic table due to increasing nuclear charge that pulls electrons closer to the nucleus.

15. Conversely, atomic radii increase from top to bottom within a group due to additional electron shells being added, increasing the distance from the nucleus.

16. The elements in Group 2 are referred to as "Alkaline Earth Metals," while the elements in Group 17 are known as "Halogens."

References

• Atkins, P. W., & Friedman, R. (2011). Molecular Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press.
• Brown, T. L., LeMay, H. E., & Bursten, B. E. (2009). Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Chang, R., & Goldsby, K. A. (2016). Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Ebbing, D. D., & Gammon, S. (2016). General Chemistry. Cengage Learning.
• Klemm, W. R., & Ragsdale, H. T. (2017). Introduction to Chemistry: A Modern Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Petrucci, R. H., Harris, D. C., & Zimmerman, J. (2017). General Chemistry. Pearson.
• Scaiano, J. C. (2005). Introductory Chemistry. Wiley.
• Serway, R. A., & Faughn, J. S. (2009). College Physics. Cengage Learning.
• Timberlake, K. (2015). Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. Pearson.
• Zumdahl, S. S., & Dezube, K. (2016). Chemistry. Cengage Learning.

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