Reproduced With Permission Of The Copyright Owner ✓ Solved

Reproduced With Permission Of The Copyright Owner Further Reproducti

Reproduced With Permission Of The Copyright Owner Further Reproducti

Reproduced With Permission Of The Copyright Owner Further Reproducti

Reproduced With Permission Of The Copyright Owner Further Reproducti

Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The making of elites and counter-elites Gole, Nilufer The Middle East Journal; Winter 1997; 51, 1; ProQuest pg. 46 CHEM%3512%Winter%2015:%Physical%Chemistry% Problem%Set%5% Due%date:%Fri%March%13% ! Directions:!Complete!all!problems!and!show!all!work!for!full!credit.! ! 1.! Which!of!the!following!molecules!can!show!a!pure!rotational!microwave!absorption! spectrum?! a.! Methane,!CH4! b.! Hydrogen!chloride,!HCl! c.! Dichloromethane,!CH2Cl2! d.! Carbon!dioxide,!CO2! e.! Acetylene,!C2H2! f.! Hydrogen!cyanide,!HCN! g.! Benzene,!C6H6! ! 2.! Consider!a!linear!triatomic!molecule!with!the!structure!A–B–C.!See!the!figure!in!Table! 12B.1!of!Atkins!and!de!Paula.!There!is!a!typo!in!the!expression!for!the!moment!of!inertia!in!

Table!12B.1;!here,!we!will!derive!the!correct!expression.! a.! Assume!that!the!molecule!is!oriented!along!the!xPaxis!with!atom!B!at!the!origin.!Let! mA,!mB,!mC!denote!the!masses!of!atoms!A,!B,!C,!respectively;!let!xCM!denote!the!center!of!mass!of!the!molecule.!Write!the!moment!of!inertia!in!terms!of!masses!mA,!mB,!mC,!the! coordinate!xCM,!and!the!bond!lengths!R,!R´.! b.! In!general,!the!center!of!mass!vector!RCM!is!defined!as!a!massPweighted!sum!of!indiP

vidual!positions!:! RCM = 1 M miri i ∑ ! where!mi,!ri!are!the!mass!and!position!vector!for!atom!i,!respectively,!and!M!is!the!sum!of!all!masses.!Write!xCM!in!terms!of!the!masses!mA,!mB,!mC!and!the!bond!lengths!R,!R´.! c.! Substitute!your!result!in!part!(b)!into!part!(a)!to!obtain!an!expression!for!the!moP

ment!of!inertia.!Identify!the!typo!in!the!expression!given!in!Table!12B.1.! !

3.! Atkins!and!de!Paula,!Problem!12C.5.! !

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Understanding the Influence of Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter-Elites

The political landscape of Turkey has been significantly shaped by the ongoing tensions between secularist ideals and Islamist movements. Nilufer Gole’s article, "Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The making of elites and counter-elites," published in The Middle East Journal in Winter 1997, offers an insightful analysis of how these ideological forces influence the formation and evolution of societal elites. This essay explores the historical context, the emergence of different social groups, and the implications of these dynamics for Turkish democracy and social cohesion.

Turkey's founding principles under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emphasized strict secularism, which aimed to modernize the nation by reducing the influence of religion on public life. This secularist ideology was embedded into the state's institutions, education system, and legal framework. The elite class that emerged from these reforms, often educated in secular institutions, viewed Islam with suspicion and sought to marginalize its influence. However, the persistence of Islamic sentiments among the broader population offered a counterforce, leading to the development of a competing set of elites rooted in Islamist ideology.

The conflict between secular and Islamist elites manifested in various political and social arenas. Secular elites, aligned with the Kemalist establishment, maintained control over state institutions and civil society, promoting reforms aimed at Westernization and modernization. Conversely, Islamist elites organized around religious parties and movements, such as the Welfare Party in the 1990s, seeking to reassert Islamic values within public life. These groups worked to mobilize segments of society that felt alienated or excluded by secular policies, thereby creating a dualistic social hierarchy.

The making of these contrasting elites involved complex processes of socialization, education, and political activism. Secular elites often came from urban, middle-class backgrounds with access to formal education, while Islamist elites frequently mobilized from conservative, rural, or traditionalist communities. The rise of Islamist academia, media, and political parties challenged the secular dominion by providing alternative sources of authority and legitimacy. This contest over defining Turkish identity remains central to understanding secularism and Islamism’s role in shaping the nation’s elite structure.

Gole emphasizes that these ideological battles are not merely about religious or political preferences but are intertwined with issues of social status, cultural identity, and power. The formation of new elites and counter-elites signifies ongoing social transformation, which influences policy, identity politics, and Turkey’s trajectory towards democracy. The evolution from a strictly secular elite to one incorporating Islamist elements demonstrates that Turkey's political and social fabric is dynamic and adaptive.

In conclusion, the article illustrates how the interaction between secularism and Islamism in Turkey has been critical in shaping societal elites. The process reveals the fluidity of social boundaries and the persistent contestation over cultural authority. Understanding these dynamics is essential for comprehending Turkey’s complex political identity and its ongoing struggle to reconcile modernity with traditional values.

References

  • Gole, N. (1997). Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The making of elites and counter-elites. The Middle East Journal, 51(1), 46.
  • Arat, Y. (2006). Political Islam in Turkey: The rise of the AKP. Routledge.
  • Yavuz, H. (2006). The emergence of a new Turkey: Islam, democracy and the state. Oxford University Press.
  • Berman, S. (2001). The primacy of religion in Turkey: The case of political Islam. Comparative Politics, 34(4), 451-470.
  • Kuru, A. T. (2011). Secularism and state policies toward religion in Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
  • Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How democracies die. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ozdalga, E. (2010). The politics of Islamism in Turkey: From elected Islam to Islamist elections. Routledge.
  • Clark, B. (2010). Turkey and the Islamic world: The politics of the AKP. Middle East Policy, 17(4), 113-126.
  • Göl, N. (2014). Islamism, secularism and social change in Turkey. Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 50(2), 236-252.
  • Çelik, Y. (2009). The rise of political Islam in Turkey: A comprehensive analysis. New Perspectives on Turkey, 41, 23-40.

Related Assignments