Required Readings: Blume, L. B., & Zembar, M. J. (2007). Mid

Required Readingsblume L B Zembar M J 2007middle Childhood

Describe the stages of gender development that occur during middle adolescence and explain at least two factors that contribute to heteronormativity during this period. Additionally, characterize close relationships in middle adolescence by identifying and describing three different types of relationships that typically occur during this stage, emphasizing their importance to social development. Finally, identify five types of identity that develop during middle adolescence and select one to explain the factors influencing it and its significance to affective and social development.

Paper For Above instruction

Middle adolescence represents a pivotal stage marked by significant physical, psychological, and social transformations. One of the key developmental processes during this period involves the stages of gender development. During middle adolescence, individuals typically experience a reinforcement of gender identity, where their understanding of their gender roles becomes more established and aligned with societal expectations. This period often witnesses the internalization of gender norms and an increased awareness of gender stereotypes, which are reinforced through social interactions and media influences. It is also a time when adolescents begin to question and sometimes challenge traditional gender roles, leading to a more nuanced understanding of gender identity. The development of gender during this stage is thus characterized by a complex interplay between societal expectations and personal exploration.

Two prominent factors contributing to heteronormativity during middle adolescence are cultural norms and peer influences. Cultural norms often emphasize heterosexuality as the default or "norm" for sexual orientation, which influences adolescents to conform to these expectations to gain social acceptance. Peer influence also plays a significant role, as adolescents tend to seek approval from their social groups, which often endorse heterosexual relationships as the standard. This reinforcement can marginalize non-heteronormative orientations and perpetuate heteronormative attitudes within peer groups. These factors collectively solidify heteronormativity, impacting adolescents’ perceptions of sexuality and their willingness to explore or express alternative orientations.

Close relationships during middle adolescence are crucial for social development as they provide adolescents with emotional support, identity validation, and social learning opportunities. Three typical types of relationships during this period include friendships, romantic relationships, and family connections. Friendships serve as a foundation for social skills, trust, and intimacy; they allow adolescents to explore their identities in a supportive environment. Romantic relationships provide opportunities for emotional growth, understanding intimacy, and developing future relationship skills. Family relationships, though sometimes strained, remain vital for providing security, guidance, and emotional stability. These relationships collectively foster social competence and emotional resilience, essential for healthy development in adolescence.

During middle adolescence, five distinct types of identity emerge: gender identity, sexual identity, cultural identity, personal identity, and social identity. Of these, personal identity is profoundly influential on emotional and social development. Personal identity refers to an individual’s sense of self, encompassing beliefs, values, and goals. Factors influencing personal identity include family background, peer interactions, media exposure, and personal experiences. A well-developed personal identity contributes to self-esteem, resilience, and the ability to navigate social environments effectively. During middle adolescence, solidifying personal identity is crucial, as it underpins emotional well-being and social competence, enabling adolescents to establish a coherent sense of self that guides future development.

References

• Blume, L. B., & Zembar, M. J. (2007). Middle childhood to middle adolescence. Pearson.
• Immordino-Yang, M. H. (2011). Understanding the adolescent brain, part 2 [Video]. Laureate Education.
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• Schäfer, L., & Fleischhauer, M. (2018). Gender development in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 1-12.
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