See Attached Templates In This Course You Will Complete

See Attached Templatesin This Course You Will Be Completing A Learning

See attached templates In this course you will be completing a learning activity, a three-part project in which you will be building a hypothetical protein. Proteins – large complex molecules – are major building blocks of all living organisms. Over the next four units you will complete three assignments that will guide you in the building of your hypothetical protein and gaining an understanding of mutations that could occur in this protein. For Part 1 of the Genetics Project, you will need to name your protein and provide a description of the hypothetical function of the protein. You will need to relate the chemical composition and levels of structure found in your protein. In addition, explain the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. For this Assignment, you are building a hypothetical protein. Proteins – large complex molecules – are major building blocks of all living organisms. In this unit you will continue to build your hypothetical protein. For part 2 of the Genetics Project, you will be focusing on sequence.

Remember your explanation of the roles DNA and RNA played in the formation of your hypothetical protein. For this activity you will first provide the completely hypothetical sequence of your protein. Next you will need to supply the corresponding RNA and complementary DNA sequences. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Using the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins, you need to design a protein with 100 amino acids. Remember the following principles when constructing your protein sequence: You may integrate any combination of the 20 amino acids. Ensure that your protein has a start and stop codon. Be careful that the protein does not have an internal stop codon. The protein sequence should be written using the three-letter designator for an amino acid, e.g., Proline is Pro, Methionine is Met. The genetic code is a set of rules for which the information in genetic material such as DNA and RNA can be translated into proteins.

The genetic code is read in nucleotide triplets or codons. Using your protein sequence you will need to: Supply the corresponding RNA sequence using the Genetic Code. You can find the genetic code in your textbook and the provided template. You can write the sequence in triplet form (i.e., XXX XXX XXX). Now that you have the correct RNA sequence you will need to use your knowledge of complementary base pairing rules to deduce the DNA sequence of your hypothetical protein. Remember that RNA contains the unique base of Uracil (U) and DNA contains the base Thymidine (T). Again this sequence can be written in triplet code (i.e., XXX XXX XXX).

For the third and final part of this Assignment, you will create mutations in your protein. Mutagens are agents that can alter the DNA of an organism. These changes or damage to the DNA can have varying effects on the protein product that the cell makes. For this part of the assignment you will need to complete the following: You will need to mutate your DNA sequence. Make changes to the DNA sequence of your hypothetical protein. You will make four separate changes or mutations. The mutations should be indicated in your DNA, RNA and protein sequences. The four types of mutations that you will need to demonstrate are: nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, point mutation, insertion mutation. Explain the effects of each mutation on your final protein. Provide a possible cause or source of each type of mutation. This project does not need to be in essay format. It is not necessary to include an introduction or conclusion. You should list the DNA and RNA sequence using a single letter to indicate a base, e.g., adenine is A, and thymine is T. The protein sequence should be written using the three-letter designator for an amino acid, e.g., Proline is Pro, and Methionine is Met.

Paper For Above instruction

The construction of a hypothetical protein for educational purposes provides a fundamental understanding of molecular biology, focusing on gene expression and mutation impacts. This project involves designing a protein sequence, translating it into its corresponding nucleotide sequences, and analyzing mutations' effects on protein structure and function.

Initially, the process begins by selecting a sequence of 100 amino acids, incorporating a start codon (AUG in RNA, methionine residue in protein) and a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in RNA). The choice of amino acids can be random or based on specific properties such as hydrophobicity or charge to simulate realistic protein scenarios. The sequence is then translated into an mRNA sequence following universal genetic code rules, where each amino acid corresponds to a specific codon triplet. The mRNA sequence is transcribed from the DNA template strand, which is complementary to the coding strand. DNA coding strand sequences are written with nucleotides using the standard bases: A, T, C, G. The mRNA sequence, replacing thymine (T) with uracil (U), is derived accordingly, and the DNA template strand complements the mRNA sequences following base pairing rules: A-U, T-A, C-G, G-C.

Once the baseline sequences are established, the project advances to include mutations. Four types of mutations are considered: nonsense, frameshift, point, and insertion. A nonsense mutation introduces a premature stop codon, truncating the protein and often resulting in loss of function. This can be caused by a single nucleotide change, for example, changing a codon from coding for amino acid to a stop codon. A frameshift mutation involves inserting or deleting nucleotides not divisible by three, which shifts the reading frame, drastically altering downstream amino acid sequences and typically leading to nonfunctional proteins. A point mutation involves a single nucleotide substitution that can lead to amino acid replacement or silent change. An insertion mutation adds extra nucleotides, potentially causing a frameshift or altering the amino acid sequence. Each mutation's effects on the protein are analyzed to understand their impact on structure and function.

Sources of mutations include naturally occurring processes such as DNA replication errors, exposure to mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or spontaneous chemical changes. Understanding these mutations informs how genetic integrity can be compromised and the potential consequences for organismal health.

This project emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between nucleotide sequences, amino acid chains, and the impacts of various mutation types. It underscores fundamental molecular biology concepts relevant to genetics, biotechnology, and medicine.

References

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