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1stephen Has A Diploma That Says He Graduated From The University Of

Identify the type of reasoning (deductive or inductive) used in each of the following statements or questions:

1. Stephen has a diploma that says he graduated from the University of California. Therefore, Stephen must have attended the University of California.

2. Since all philosophers are seekers of truth, it follows that no evil human is a seeker after truth, since no philosophers are evil humans.

3. Seventy percent of the students at this university come from upper class families. The school budget has taken a hit since the economic downturn. We need funding for the three new buildings on campus. I think it’s time for us to start a phone campaign to raise funds so that we don’t plunge into bankruptcy.

4. No dogs are fish. Some guppies are fish. Therefore some guppies are not dogs.

5. Since all mammals are cold-blooded, and all cold-blooded creatures are aquatic, all mammals must be aquatic.

6. Letting your kids play around on the Internet all day is like dropping them off in downtown Chicago to spend the day by themselves. They will find something that gets them into trouble.

7. A nation is only as great as its people. The people are reliant on their leaders. Leaders create the laws in which all people can flourish. If those laws are not created well, the people will suffer. This is why the people of the United States are currently suffering.

8. If we save up money for a house, then we will have a place to stay with our children. However, we haven’t saved up any money for a house. Therefore, we won’t have a place to stay with our children.

9. Too many intravenous drug users continue to risk their lives by sharing dirty needles. This situation could be changed if we were to supply drug addicts with a way to get clean needles. This would lower the rate of AIDS in this high-risk population as well as allow for the opportunity to educate and attempt to aid those who are addicted to heroin and other intravenous drugs.

10. Some apples are not bananas. Some bananas are things that are yellow. Therefore, some things that are yellow are not apples.

11. We should go to the beach today. It’s sunny. The dolphins are out, and I have a bottle of fine wine.

12. The worldwide use of oil is projected to increase by 33 percent over the next five years. However, reserves of oil are dwindling at a rapid rate. That means that the price of oil will drastically increase over the next five years.

13. I have to go to work today. Then I have to go grocery shopping. I won’t be back until 9:00 PM tonight. I think that you should be the one who does the laundry today.

14. Charles is hard to work with, since he always interrupts others. Therefore, I do not want to work with Charles in the development committee.

15. Justin was working at IBM. The last person we got from IBM was a horrible worker. I don’t think that it’s a good idea for us to go with Justin for this job.

16. Lady Vengeance is Chan Wook Park’s greatest film. The main character is hauntingly beautiful and dangerous. Park explores themes based on psychoanalytic theory as well as the grotesque. Yet there’s a strange beauty in the film that can only be captured by this modern day Hitchcock.

17. Dogs are better than cats, since they always listen to what their masters say. They also are more fun and energetic.

18. No physical object can travel faster than light. An electron is a physical object. So, an electron cannot travel faster than light.

19. The economy continues to descend into chaos. The stock market still moves down after it makes progress forward, and unemployment still hovers around 10%. It is going to be a while before things get better in the United States.

20. Heidegger’s works are some of the most difficult to understand. It takes years and years of reading and studying in order to learn his terminology and the way that he expresses himself. However, the payoff of learning his expression is a greater understanding of what it means to be a philosopher.

Paper For Above instruction

The collection of statements and questions provided above serve as a comprehensive framework for analyzing the nature of reasoning, specifically focusing on the distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning. Understanding this distinction is fundamental in critical thinking, logic, and scientific inquiry, shaping how conclusions are derived from premises.

Deductive reasoning is characterized by the logical progression from general principles to specific instances. When reasoning deductively, if the premises are true and the argument is valid, the conclusion must necessarily be true. It is often associated with formal logic where the structure guarantees the truth of the conclusion provided the premises are correct. For example, statement 1 ("Stephen has a diploma that says he graduated from the University of California. Therefore, Stephen must have attended the University of California") exemplifies deductive reasoning. The premise that a diploma confirms attendance leads necessarily to the conclusion about Stephen's attendance, assuming the premise's truth and the logical validity of the inference.

Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations or evidence. It is probabilistic rather than definitive, meaning the conclusion is likely but not guaranteed if the premises are true. For instance, in statement 3, the argument begins with specific data (70% of students from upper class families) and proceeds to a broader conclusion about the need for funding and a campaign. While this reasoning might be compelling, it remains probabilistic and open to exceptions or new evidence.

Examining the provided statements reveals a predominant presence of both deductive and inductive reasoning, with some involving a combination of both. Many of the logical arguments, such as statements 4, 5, 18, and 20, illustrate deductive reasoning by deriving conclusions from accepted premises using logical structures. For example, statement 18 ("No physical object can travel faster than light. An electron is a physical object. So, an electron cannot travel faster than light") employs a deductive syllogism, applying a general scientific principle to a specific case.

Conversely, statements like 3, 7, and 19 involve inductive reasoning, gathering observations or trends to make broader predictions or assessments. For example, statement 19 discusses economic indicators to conclude that the economy will remain in malaise, which is based on patterns observed in the stock market and unemployment figures.

Additionally, some statements utilize causal reasoning or analogies, which are often associated with inductive processes, such as statement 6, which argues that letting children play online is akin to leaving them alone in Chicago—a metaphor comparing the risk involved in both scenarios.

Understanding whether reasoning is deductive or inductive influences how we evaluate arguments and evidence. Deductive reasoning assures conclusions if premises are sound, making it more certain but less flexible. Inductive reasoning, while allowing for probabilistic conclusions, is more adaptable and essential for scientific generalizations and everyday reasoning.

Critical thinkers and scholars should be adept at identifying these reasoning types to evaluate arguments' strength appropriately. Recognizing deductive reasoning's validity ensures logical soundness, while understanding the probabilistic nature of inductive reasoning promotes healthy skepticism and inquiry, especially in sciences and empirical studies.

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