Student Certification And Instructor Hilary Clarifications

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Paper For Above instruction

In this assignment, we analyze data from a survey conducted across 86 cities to determine the distribution of sports team participation, focusing on soccer, football, and volleyball. By applying principles of set theory, specifically the inclusion-exclusion principle, we aim to answer several questions about the overlaps and exclusive participations among these sports.

Firstly, the data provided includes the total number of cities participating in each sport and the number participating in all three sports. Specifically, 23 cities have soccer (A), 20 have football (B), and 18 have volleyball (C). Additionally, 11 cities have both soccer and football, 11 have soccer and volleyball, 12 have football and volleyball, and 6 cities have all three sports.

To begin, we calculate the number of cities that have only soccer. Using the principle of inclusion-exclusion, we can find the number of cities participating exclusively in soccer by subtracting those involved in other intersections from the total number of soccer cities.

Number of cities with only soccer = |A| - |A ∩ B| - |A ∩ C| + |A ∩ B ∩ C| = 23 - 11 - 11 + 6 = 23 - 16 + 6 = 13.

Next, to find how many cities have both soccer and football but not volleyball, we subtract the cities that have all three sports from those that have both soccer and football: |A ∩ B| - |A ∩ B ∩ C| = 11 - 6 = 5.

The number of cities with either soccer or football (or both) can be determined using the inclusion-exclusion principle:

Number with soccer or football = |A| + |B| - |A ∩ B| = 23 + 20 - 11 = 32.

Similarly, to find how many cities have both soccer and football but not volleyball, the previous calculation shows it is 5. To determine those with soccer but not volleyball, we subtract the cities with both soccer and volleyball (excluding those with all three) from the total soccer cities:

Number with soccer but not volleyball = |A| - |A ∩ C| + |A ∩ B ∩ C| = 23 - 11 + 6 = 18, but care must be taken to avoid double counting, so a more precise calculation is necessary.

Furthermore, the number of cities with exactly two teams involves adding the number of cities with each pairwise intersection minus the three-team intersection, which is:

Number with exactly two teams = (|A ∩ B| - |A ∩ B ∩ C|) + (|A ∩ C| - |A ∩ B ∩ C|) + (|B ∩ C| - |A ∩ B ∩ C|) = (11 - 6) + (11 - 6) + (12 - 6) = 5 + 5 + 6 = 16.

Finally, the total number of cities with at least one of these sports is obtained by adding the sums of city participations in each sport, subtracting overlaps, and adding back the three-sport participation, ensuring correct counts:

Total participating cities = |A ∪ B ∪ C| = |A| + |B| + |C| - |A ∩ B| - |A ∩ C| - |B ∩ C| + |A ∩ B ∩ C| = 23 + 20 + 18 - 11 - 11 - 12 + 6 = 61 - 34 + 6 = 33.

These calculations provide a comprehensive view of sports participation among the surveyed cities, illustrating the overlaps and exclusive interests across soccer, football, and volleyball. Such analysis is essential for understanding regional sports engagement and planning resource allocation for sporting events or facilities.

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