The Effects Of Smoking On Lung Cancer Rates Among Adults

2the Effects Of Smoking On Lung Cancer Rates Among Adults In New Yorks

This literature study aims to synthesize the results of three studies into a coherent picture of the cost-effectiveness of cancer screening with and without smoking cessation therapies. With an acknowledged cost-effectiveness criterion of $109,000 per QALY gained, the first research by Villanti et al. (2013) revealed that yearly repeat lung cancer tests in a high-risk cohort of individuals aged 50–64 were very cost-effective. A second research by Sharma et al. (2018) demonstrated that the cost-effectiveness of the screening was enhanced by an increase in the care quality saved when smoking cessation therapies were linked with the yearly screening program. Thirdly, O'Keeffe et al. (2018) observed that the impact of smoking on lung cancer risk is the same in both sexes.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

Smoking remains the principal risk factor associated with lung cancer, which continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality globally and within the United States. In New York, efforts to address lung cancer involve screening programs and smoking cessation initiatives, both of which have demonstrated potential for reducing disease burden and associated healthcare costs. This review critically examines the existing literature on the effects of smoking on lung cancer rates among adults in New York, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of screening protocols and smoking cessation strategies, based on three pivotal studies conducted by Villanti et al. (2013), Sharma et al. (2018), and O’Keeffe et al. (2018).

Methods of Analysis

The selected studies employed diverse but complementary methodologies to assess the relationship between smoking and lung cancer emergence, as well as the financial sustainability of screening and cessation programs. Villanti et al. (2013) utilized a cost-utility analysis based on simulation models, incorporating data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and New York’s taxpayer database related to cancer treatment costs. The study focused on adults aged 50-64 with significant smoking histories (over 30 pack-years). Sharma et al. (2018) conducted a randomized controlled trial involving smokers enrolled in the New York State Smokers Quitline, comparing the efficacy of a mailed educational brochure versus a detailed, phone-based intervention with coaching. O’Keeffe et al. (2018) performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 7 million participants across 99 cohort studies to assess gender differences in smoking-related lung cancer risk, using comprehensive data collection from Embase and PubMed databases.

Findings and Implications

All three studies reaffirm that smoking substantially increases the risk of developing lung cancer among adults. Villanti et al. (2013) highlighted that implementing recurrent annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screenings for high-risk populations markedly improves early detection rates and reduces mortality. Significantly, when combined with targeted smoking cessation interventions, the cost-effectiveness of these screening programs increases by approximately 40-45%, underscoring the economic benefits of integrating behavioral health strategies. Sharma et al. (2018) demonstrated that telephone-based quitlines are an effective and scalable method to promote screening adherence and smoking cessation, especially when supplemented with educational materials. Their results suggest that such interventions are both cost-efficient and capable of fostering behavioral change among regular smokers.

Meanwhile, O’Keeffe et al. (2018) found no significant gender disparities in the relative risk of lung cancer attributable to smoking, indicating that both men and women in New York face similarly heightened risks. This evidence supports uniform screening and prevention efforts across genders. Furthermore, their meta-analysis acknowledged that although men traditionally had higher smoking prevalence and intensity, emerging trends of increased smoking among women warrant gender-neutral risk mitigation strategies.

Comparison of Methodologies and Results

While Villanti et al. (2013) solely relied on simulation modeling to evaluate the economic impact of screening, Sharma et al. (2018) used a trial-based approach to assess behavioral interventions' efficacy. O’Keeffe et al. (2018) synthesized existing cohort data, offering a macro-level perspective on gender-related risk. Despite methodological differences, all three studies confirm that smoking is a predominant factor elevating lung cancer risk. Moreover, they emphasize that integrating smoking cessation therapies with screening enhances cost-effectiveness and health outcomes. Notably, the simulation approach in Villanti et al. (2013) allows for detailed economic analysis specific to New York, while Sharma et al. (2018) provides evidence for practical intervention frameworks. O’Keeffe et al. (2018), by reviewing extensive epidemiological data, solidifies the understanding that risk factors are consistent across genders.

Contrasts and Nuances in Findings

The studies diverge on the extent of gender differences in risk. O’Keeffe et al. (2018) concluded that women are not at a higher relative risk of lung cancer from smoking compared to men, contrary to traditional assumptions due to higher smoking rates among males. This suggests that public health strategies should maintain gender-neutral focus yet remain attentive to evolving patterns. Additionally, Villanti et al. (2013) concentrated explicitly on cost-utility within a specific age and smoking history cohort in New York, emphasizing economic sustainability, whereas Sharma et al. (2018) concentrated on behavioral intervention efficacy. These distinctions highlight the multifaceted nature of addressing lung cancer risk and prevention effectively.

Conclusion

The synthesis of these studies underscores that smoking substantially elevates lung cancer risk across genders in New York State. Implementing regular LDCT screening for high-risk populations is highly cost-effective, particularly when supplemented with smoking cessation interventions, which improve health outcomes and economic efficiency. The evidence advocates for integrated programs that combine screening with behavioral health initiatives, mirroring the multifaceted approach necessary to combat lung cancer. Importantly, findings indicating no significant gender differences in risk reinforce the need for equitable prevention policies. Future efforts should focus on expanding access to screening and cessation support, tailoring interventions to demographic trends, and continuously evaluating their long-term cost-effectiveness. The collective insights from Villanti et al. (2013), Sharma et al. (2018), and O’Keeffe et al. (2018) provide a compelling case for adopting comprehensive, gender-neutral lung cancer prevention strategies grounded in empirical data specific to New York's diverse population.

References

  • Villanti, A. C., Jiang, Y., Abrams, D. B., & Pyenson, B. S. (2013). A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. PloS One, 8(8), e71379.
  • Sharma, A., Bansal-Travers, M., Celestino, P., Fine, J., Reid, M. E., Hyland, A., & O’Connor, R. (2018). Using a smoking cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(6), 85-100.
  • O’Keeffe, L. M., Taylor, G., Huxley, R. R., Mitchell, P., Woodward, M., & Peters, S. A. (2018). Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 8(10), e021611.
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