The Exercise Involving Data In This And Subsequent Sections

The Exercise Involving Data In This And Subsequent Sections Were Desig

The exercise involving data in this and subsequent sections were designed to be solved using Excel. The following estimated regression equation is based on 10 observations: ȳ = 29.1270 + 0.5906 x₁ + 0.4980 x₂. Given the sum of squares: SST = 6724.125, SSR = 6216.375, the standard error of b₁ (Sb₁) = 0.0813, and the standard error of b₂ (Sb₂) = 0.0567, perform the following analyses:

a. Compute the mean square regression (MSR) and mean square error (MSE), each to three decimal places.

b. Compute the F-statistic and perform the F-test at α = 0.05.

c. Perform a t-test to assess the significance of β₁ at α = 0.05, providing the t-test statistic and p-value, and interpret whether β₁ is statistically significant.

d. Perform a t-test to assess the significance of β₂ at α = 0.05, providing the t-test statistic and p-value, and interpret whether β₂ is statistically significant.

Using this information, answer the following additional questions:

  1. Explain the meaning of the p-value = 0.0054 in the context of hypothesis testing related to the proportion or regression analysis.
  2. Construct a 93% confidence interval for the population parameter and interpret it within the context.
  3. In a hypothesis test where H₀: p = 0.6 vs. Ha: p
    • a. Find the test statistic.
    • b. Find the p-value.
    • c. Make a decision based on α = 0.05.

These analyses involve hypothesis testing, confidence interval construction, and interpretation within real-world contexts. The information provided assumes understanding of regression analysis, the concept of p-values, confidence levels, and the calculation of test statistics.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

Statistical analyses serve as crucial tools in research, enabling researchers to draw inferences about populations based on sample data. In regression analysis, understanding the significance of predictor variables and the strength of the overall model is imperative. This paper addresses multiple aspects of statistical inference, including the calculation of mean squares in regression, hypothesis testing for regression coefficients, and the interpretation of p-values within context. Additionally, it explores confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing in proportions to provide comprehensive insights into these statistical methods.

Computing MSR and MSE

The mean square regression (MSR) and mean square error (MSE) are fundamental in analyzing the variance explained by the regression model and the residual variance, respectively. MSR is calculated as SSR divided by its degrees of freedom, which, given the regression model with two predictors, results in 2 degrees of freedom. Assuming the total degrees of freedom as n-1 = 9 for 10 observations, the residual degrees of freedom is 7. Therefore, MSR = SSR / df_regression = 6216.375 / 2 = 3108.188. To find MSE, we need the residual sum of squares (SSE); however, since only SST and SSR are provided, and SSR is equivalent to the regression sum of squares, the residual sum of squares is SSE = SST - SSR = 6724.125 - 6216.375 = 507.75. With residual degrees of freedom as 7, MSE = SSE / df_residual = 507.75 / 7 ≈ 72.536.

Performing the F-test

The F-statistic is calculated as F = MSR / MSE = 3108.188 / 72.536 ≈ 42.89. With degrees of freedom df1 = 2 and df2 = 7, this F-value can be compared against the critical F-value at α=0.05 to assess significance. Given that the calculated F-value exceeds typical critical values (~4.74), the overall regression model is statistically significant, indicating that at least one predictor variable significantly explains the variation in the response variable.

T-tests for Regression Coefficients

To assess the significance of individual predictors, t-statistics are calculated as t = β̂ / SE(β̂). For β₁, t = 0.5906 / 0.0813 ≈ 7.26, and for β₂, t = 0.4980 / 0.0567 ≈ 8.78. These t-values are compared against the critical t-value for the residual degrees of freedom (7) at α=0.05, which is approximately 2.365. Since both are greater than 2.365, both predictors are statistically significant. Corresponding p-values can be obtained from t-distribution tables or statistical software; their extremely small values (less than 0.01) confirm significance, indicating strong evidence that both predictors contribute to the model.

Interpretation of p-values in Context

The p-value of 0.0054, obtained in hypothesis testing of proportions or regression coefficients, indicates a very low probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as or more extreme than the calculated one, assuming the null hypothesis is true. In practical terms, a p-value of 0.0054 signifies strong evidence against the null hypothesis, leading to its rejection at typical significance levels such as α=0.05 or 0.01. This low p-value underscores the statistical significance of the predictor variables or proportion parameter under investigation, reinforcing confidence in the results.

Constructing Confidence Intervals

A 93% confidence interval provides a range within which the true population parameter is expected to lie with 93% certainty. Using the standard error and the appropriate z-score for 93%, which is approximately 1.81, the interval around the estimate p̂=0.54 with a standard error of 0.0157 is:

CI = p̂ ± z* × SE = 0.54 ± 1.81 × 0.0157 ≈ (0.514, 0.566)

This interval indicates that we are 93% confident that the true proportion of support for marriage equality among all American adults falls between 51.4% and 56.6%, implying a majority support.

Hypothesis Testing on Population Proportion

Testing whether a majority of US adults support marriage equality involves formulating hypotheses: H₀: p=0.5 vs. Ha: p>0.5. Using the sample proportion p̂=0.54, sample size n=1009, and significance level α=0.01, the test statistic is:

z = (p̂ - p₀) / √(p₀(1-p₀)/n) = (0.54 - 0.5) / √(0.5×0.5/1009) ≈ 2.55

The corresponding p-value, P(Z>2.55), is approximately 0.0054. Since this p-value is less than α=0.01, we reject the null hypothesis, concluding statistically significant evidence at the 1% level that more than half of American adults support marriage equality.

Implications and Conclusions

These analyses collectively suggest that the predictors in the regression model are significant, and the proportion of American adults supporting marriage equality exceeds 50%, with confidence. The low p-values reinforce the strength of the evidence, and the confidence intervals demonstrate the public support's range. Such statistical insights are vital for policymakers, social scientists, and advocacy groups aiming to understand public opinion and inform decisions and strategies.

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