The Memory In A Frame Buffer Must Be Fast Enough To Allow Th ✓ Solved

The Memory In A Frame Buffer Must Be Fast Enough To Allow The Disp

1.8 The memory in a frame buffer must be fast enough to allow the display to be refreshed at a rate sufficiently high to avoid flicker. A typical workstation display can have a resolution of 1280 × 1024 pixels. If it is refreshed 72 times per second, how fast must the memory be? That is, how much time can we take to read one pixel from memory? What is this number for a 480 × 640 display that operates at 60 Hz but is interlaced?

1.9 Movies are generally produced on 35 mm film that has a resolution of approximately 2000 × 3000 pixels. What implication does this resolution have for producing animated images for television as compared with film?

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The performance of a frame buffer is critically dependent on its ability to supply pixel data at a rate that matches the display's refresh rate. To determine the necessary memory speed, we start with the resolution and refresh frequency of the display. For a typical workstation with a resolution of 1280 × 1024 pixels refreshed 72 times per second, the total number of pixels that need to be refreshed each second is calculated by multiplying the total pixels per frame by the number of frames per second.

The number of pixels per frame is 1280 × 1024, which equals 1,310,720 pixels. The total number of pixels per second, therefore, is 1,310,720 × 72, which equals approximately 94,329,840 pixels per second. Since the memory must support reading all pixels within the time between frame refreshes, the maximum permissible time to read a single pixel is the reciprocal of the total pixel rate, roughly 1/94,329,840 seconds, which is approximately 10.6 nanoseconds. This implies that the memory bandwidth must be at least enough to read one pixel every 10.6 nanoseconds, ensuring smooth and flicker-free display.

Similarly, for a lower-resolution display of 480 × 640 operating at 60 Hz in interlaced mode, the total pixels per frame are 480 × 640 = 307,200. Assuming a non-interlaced scenario for simplicity, the total pixels per second are 307,200 × 60 = 18,432,000 pixels/sec. The time to read one pixel is approximately 1/18,432,000 ≈ 54.3 nanoseconds, which is significantly greater than the previous example. The interlacing does not drastically change the rate calculation but generally requires additional considerations for synchronization and data throughput. The lower pixel rate reduces the bandwidth demands on the memory, simplifying the hardware design for such displays.

High-resolution images in film, like the 2000 × 3000 pixels for 35 mm film, present significant challenges when translating images for television display. Since the film resolution exceeds typical television resolutions, producing animated images for TV requires downscaling and compression, which can result in loss of detail and image quality. This process impacts the fidelity of the animation and the viewer's experience, especially when compared to the high detail available in film.

Furthermore, the resolution gap implies that certain details may be lost during the translation process, and the animation may need to be optimized to fit within the TV resolution constraints. Techniques such as digital downscaling, filtering, and compression are employed to mitigate these effects, but they often introduce artifacts and reduce overall image sharpness. As a result, television animations tend to adopt a different aesthetic, with simplified visuals and stylized graphics that compensate for resolution limitations. Additionally, advancements in high-definition television and digital broadcasting are closing this resolution gap, allowing for higher fidelity in TV productions without significant loss of detail.

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