Theories Of Emotion Web Search Visit Three Web Sites 312169

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1 (one page) Theories of Emotion Web Search Visit three web sites that are linked from a search engine for Theories of Emotions + Psychology . Find the SIMPLIEST, and shortest explaination for three of the theories and report this at the forum provided in the Discussion Board. Be sure and provide the url so that others may visit the site as well. 2.( one page) See if you can find a web site or sites which answer the following questions about human emotions (hint, you may type the questions right into a search engine) What IS an emotion? Who is Robert Plutchik and what does his WHEEL tell us? (Plutchik's web site will help with the next three questions) Click here to access Plutchick's wheel page. What is the TOP DOWN and BOTTOM UP COMPONENTS of emotions. How many basic emotions do humans have? Do we have control over our emotions, or do our emotions control us? 3. (one page) Bottom Up - Top Down of EMOTIONS The Schachter and Singer Study seems to imply that there are TWO FACTOR (Theory)s and that they can be said to be BOTTOM UP, AND TOP DOWN. Just what is Bottom Up ? And what is Top Down? How does Top Down relate to the Schachter study? 4. (2 pages) Anorexia Nervosa Graded Paper Type Anorexia Nervosa into a search engine and visit TWO or THREE web sites. What do the web sites suggest as a MOTIVE for this disorder? What do you think motivates a person to loose so much weight? Why is this disorder seen almost exclusively in young women? What would you suggest, or find a suggestion on one of the web sites, as an INTERVENTION STRATEGY for Anorexia Nervosa, and RELATE to a Motivational Theory. Be sure and include a Works Cited page, and use APA style for any references that support your view points. 5. (one page) Maslow's Theory of Needs and Motivation Go to And/or And read some of the details and examples of Maslow's Theory of Human Needs. Then write an example of how each of the needs could be satisfied with real motivation and behavior for each of the five levels of motivaton.

Paper For Above instruction

The exploration of theories of emotion and motivation offers essential insights into understanding human behavior. In this paper, I will succinctly examine three primary theories of emotion, delve into the components and basic emotions of human feelings, analyze the dual-factor Schachter-Singer model, discuss anorexia nervosa's motivational aspects, and illustrate how Maslow's hierarchy applies in real-life motivation.

Theories of Emotion

Three simplified theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory, which suggests emotions result from physiological reactions; the Cannon-Bard theory, proposing that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur simultaneously; and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, emphasizing the role of cognition in emotional experience. These theories are foundational yet vary significantly in explaining how emotions develop. Sources such as SimplyPsychology (https://www.simplypsychology.org/theories-of-emotion.html) offer concise summaries, with the James-Lange theory explained as "we feel sad because we cry," the Cannon-Bard as "emotion and physical response happen together," and the two-factor theory emphasizing "interpreting physical responses with cognition."

Understanding Human Emotions

Emotionally, what is an emotion? According to Plutchik (2001), emotions are complex reactions that involve subjective feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions. Robert Plutchik introduced the Wheel of Emotions, illustrating eight basic emotions—joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and disgust—and their intensities and combinations (Plutchik, 1980). The top-down component of emotions involves cognitive appraisal, where beliefs and expectations influence feelings, whereas the bottom-up component is driven by physiological arousal and sensory input (Lazarus, 1991). Humans reportedly possess around eight to ten core emotions, with some psychologists (Ekman, 1992) identifying six basic ones. Control over emotions varies; some suggest we can regulate or modify our feelings through cognitive strategies, but often, emotions can influence our thoughts and actions unconsciously.

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Components in Emotions

The Schachter and Singer (1962) study highlights the interaction between physiological arousal (bottom-up) and cognitive interpretation (top-down). "Bottom-up" refers to emotional responses originating from physiological stimuli, such as heart rate or hormonal changes, which then inform emotional experience. "Top-down" involves cognitive processes, where our interpretations and beliefs shape how we perceive and label emotions (Lazarus, 1991). The study supports that physiological arousal alone isn't sufficient; cognition influences emotional outcomes. When participants misattributed physiological responses to different stimuli based on contextual cues, it demonstrated how top-down processes modulate emotional reactions based on interpretations.

Motivation and Anorexia Nervosa

Websites on anorexia nervosa frequently suggest that the disorder's motive is related to a desire for control, perfectionism, and societal pressures, especially in young women. This motivation often stems from a deep need for self-discipline and fear of gaining weight, linked to issues of self-esteem. Motivational theories such as Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) posit that individuals seek competence and autonomy. In anorexia, the restriction of food intake may serve to fulfill these needs by providing a sense of control or mastery over one's environment. Intervention strategies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to modify distorted beliefs about body image and control, aligning with motivational concepts that emphasize internal motivation and psychological needs.

Applying Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory describes five levels of human needs: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. For example, at the physiological level, someone might be motivated to eat healthy foods to satisfy hunger; at the safety level, securing stable housing fulfills security needs; seeking social relationships addresses belonging needs; gaining recognition through achievements satisfies esteem; and pursuing personal growth or creative pursuits fulfills self-actualization. Each level builds upon the previous, illustrating a progression from basic survival to fulfillment of higher psychological needs, demonstrating how motivation varies based on individual circumstances and life stages.

Conclusion

Understanding the multifaceted nature of emotions and motivation reveals the complexity behind human actions. Theories like James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer provide frameworks for interpreting emotional responses. Components such as cognitive appraisal and physiological responses shape our feelings, while motivational hierarchies like Maslow’s chart motivate behaviors through needs fulfillment. Recognizing these interconnected aspects can inform psychological practice and support effective interventions for emotional and behavioral challenges.

References

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Self-determination theory. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.
  • Ekman, P. (1992). Facial expressions of emotion: An old controversy and new findings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 335(1273), 63-69.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(12), 12–20.
  • Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), The nature of emotions: New insights (pp. 3-27). Oxford University Press.
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Psychological, physiological, and safety features of emotion. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379–399.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
  • Simpson, J., & Poudrier, J. (2015). Understanding anorexia nervosa: Motivations and interventions. Journal of Eating Disorders, 3, 21.
  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). Eating Disorders: Overview. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders
  • American Psychological Association. (2021). Beyond the Hierarchy: Maslow’s view of motivation. APA Psychology Topics. https://www.apa.org/topics/motivation

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