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This assignment requires reading all of Chapter 7 and selecting one of the following primary source readings: “Nichomachean Ethics” by Aristotle (starting on page 179) or “The Need for More than Justice” by Annette C. Baier (starting on page 188). After reading the chosen text, the task is to write a short, objective summary of 250 words that captures the main ideas presented by the author in the selected reading. The summary should be concise and focus on the core arguments and themes without including personal opinions or analysis. The emphasis is on understanding and accurately conveying the primary author's perspectives as articulated in the source material. Proper paraphrasing and synthesis of the text are essential, and plagiarism should be avoided by ensuring the summary reflects an original rephrasing of the content. This exercise aims to demonstrate comprehension of the philosophical concepts discussed, highlighting key points such as Aristotle's virtue ethics or Baier’s critique of justice, depending on the selected reading. Overall, the goal is to produce an unbiased summary that clearly communicates the essential ideas of the primary source in a succinct manner, adhering to the specified word limit of 250 words.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

In the selected reading from Aristotle’s “Nichomachean Ethics,” the primary focus is on the concept of virtue as a means to achieve eudaimonia, or human flourishing. Aristotle argues that virtues, both moral and intellectual, are character traits that enable individuals to live in accordance with reason, which is the highest function of human beings. The text emphasizes that virtues are developed through habituation and practice, rather than innate qualities. Aristotle distinguishes between excess and deficiency in moral virtues, advocating for a balanced approach—what he terms the "Golden Mean." For example, courage lies between recklessness and cowardice. The ultimate goal of cultivating virtues is to attain happiness, which Aristotle defines as an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue over a complete life. The Ethics also discusses the role of practical wisdom (phronesis) in making morally correct decisions, underscoring that virtue is closely linked to rational choice. The text underscores that living virtuously necessitates intentionality and deliberate effort, with the practice of virtue becoming a second nature. Aristotle’s ethical framework roots moral development in the character of the individual, emphasizing that genuine happiness stems from virtuous activity, not mere pleasure or external success. Overall, the reading presents virtue ethics as a practical pathway to fulfill human potential and achieve a meaningful life.

In Annette C. Baier’s “The Need for More than Justice,” the main argument challenges the adequacy of justice as the sole foundation for moral relationships. Baier posits that genuine morality requires an extension beyond just justice, emphasizing care, trust, and responsibility as fundamental elements. She critiques traditional moral theories that focus exclusively on fairness and impartiality, suggesting these overlook the importance of ongoing relationships and emotional engagement. Baier advocates for a conception of morality rooted in trustworthiness and mutual concern, emphasizing that moral agents must cultivate involve care and responsiveness. She highlights the importance of developing moral virtues that support caring relationships, which are essential for social cohesion and individual well-being. Baier insists that moral development involves nurturing these qualities through habituation, much like Aristotle’s concept of virtue. She argues that moral interactions are dynamic, demanding that individuals attend to the needs and contexts of others, fostering a more compassionate and connected society. Her critique underscores that justice alone cannot account for the moral nuances of real-life relationships, emphasizing that morality must incorporate emotional and relational intelligence. Overall, Baier’s work calls for a broader understanding of morality that integrates justice with care, establishing a moral framework built on trust, responsibility, and emotional engagement to promote social harmony and individual flourishing.

References

• Aristotle. (trans. 2009). Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford University Press.
• Baier, A. C. (1986). The Need for More than Justice. In Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics. Harvard University Press.
• Broadie, S. (2002). Ethics with Aristotle. Oxford University Press.
• Kraut, R. (Ed.). (2018). Aristotle’s Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
• Nussbaum, M. C. (1994). The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton University Press.
• Hursthouse, R. (2012). Virtue Ethics. Oxford University Press.
• Held, V. (2006). The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford University Press.
• Slote, M. (2010). Moral Sentiments and Solidarity. University of Chicago Press.
• Singer, P. (2011). The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics. Oxford University Press.
• Korsgaard, C. M. (2009). The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge University Press.