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1) True or False. The research clearly indicates that social media has a significant influence on voters decisions about candidates and political issues.

2) ________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals.

3) British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this ________.

4) ________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office.

5) ________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.

6) ________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti.

7) Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and Zero Population Growth are examples of ________.

8) The ________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mill’s pyramidal model of the power elite.

9) William Domhoff used the term ________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism.

10) Political ________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.

11) Even in Presidential election years, voter turnout can be low. For example, in the 2012 presidential election, approximately ________ of eligible voters cast ballots.

12) The U.S. government employs about ________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service.

13) ________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.

14) True or False. Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures.

15) At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the ________.

16) ________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

17) ________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

18) Which of these is an example of a chronic disease?

19) A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of ________.

20) Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism?

21) What is the world’s leading infectious killer?

22) Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been ________.

23) ________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal–state–local program established to make health care more available to the poor.

24) In 2012, ________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.

25) In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n):

26) True or False. In most areas of the world today, women are having fewer children than they have in the past.

27) True or False. Capitalism and innovative technologies are successfully solving the problems of overpopulation.

28) ________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.

29) The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors, the primary biological factor being ________.

30) According to the categories defined by the United Nations, the United States is a ________ country.

31) The ________ is considered an important reflection of a society’s level of preventive medical care, maternal nutrition, childbirth procedures, and neonatal care for infants.

32) ________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area; ________ is the term for the number of people within a given geographic area.

33) In the United States, after the Civil War, thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the North. This is an example of ________.

34) One measure of population composition is the ________, which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

35) English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression whereas the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus, a ________ occurs.

36) During the demographic transition stage of ________, very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.

37) ________ suggests that as the natural resources, land, and workforce in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

38) ________ is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.

39) Collective behavior lacks the organizational structure of other forms of behavior.

40) True or False. Collective behavior is very contemporary; it began with the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s.

41) Sociologists define ________ as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time.

42) ________ is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values.

43) ________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions.

44) A(n) ________ is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property).

45) The looting and other behavior that took place in Los Angeles after the Rodney King trial and celebrations that turn violent after some sporting events are both examples of ________.

46) A(n) ________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

47) Sometimes acts of civil disobedience become violent, as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers. In this case, a protest crowd becomes a/an ________ crowd.

48) From the perspective of ________, individuals with similar characteristics or attitudes seek others who are similar with whom they can express their predispositions to behave and feel in different ways.

49) Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. ________ behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people who may be geographically separated from one another respond to the same event in much the same way.

50) Tabloid newspapers and magazines such as the National Enquirer and People, and television entertainment “news” programs that present “inside” information on the lives of celebrities, are sources of contemporary ________.

Paper For Above instruction

Social media has become an integral part of modern society, significantly influencing political behavior, social interactions, and public opinion. Extensive research indicates that social media platforms shape voters' decisions by providing accessible information, facilitating political engagement, and enabling communities to organize collectively. According to studies by Pew Research Center (2016), social media's role in political decision-making is profound, impacting not only election outcomes but also shaping public discourse on key issues. This influence underscores the importance of understanding the social and political dynamics introduced by digital communication channels.

In political sociology, the social institution through which power is exercised, acquired, and maintained is termed politics. The concept originates from Max Weber's typology of authority, which distinguishes traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authority. Traditional authority, as exemplified by monarchies, rests on long-standing customs and hereditary privilege, whereas rational-legal authority is based on formal rules and officeholder competence, typical of democracies and bureaucracies. Charismatic authority depends on personal charm and inspiration, often seen in revolutionary leaders or social reformers. Weber's classification facilitates understanding how legitimacy is constructed in different political systems.

Historically, monarchs derived their authority from divine right, a form of traditional authority. Weber's analysis underscores that such divine legitimacy gave rulers a sacred status that justified their rule without the need for institutional validation. Today, most modern political systems rely on rational-legal authority, where legitimacy is rooted in laws, constitutions, and procedural norms, ensuring stability and accountability.

Political systems vary widely, ranging from democracies, where power resides with the populace, to authoritarian states or monarchies with hereditary succession. Monarchies, particularly absolute monarchies, exemplify a form of government where authority is inherited and unchallengeable. Conversely, democracies emphasize citizen participation, rights, and free elections. Military juntas represent a form of authoritarian rule where military officers seize power, often following coups, exemplified by recent events in Latin America and other regions.

Citizen groups, such as the American Conservative Union or Zero Population Growth, are examples of special interest groups that influence policy and public opinion. These groups mobilize individuals around shared concerns, exerting influence through lobbying, advocacy, and political action committees (PACs). Such organizations exemplify how civil society shapes politics beyond traditional elites and official institutions.

The power structure within societies can be modeled pyramidal, as suggested by C. Wright Mills, with the middle level comprising legislative bodies, corporate executives, and local opinion leaders. William Domhoff's concept of the ruling class emphasizes the concentration of power among a small elite that controls economic resources and political decisions, serving capitalist interests. These power dynamics illustrate the interconnectedness of economic, political, and social power.

Political socialization involves the process through which individuals learn political attitudes and behaviors, influenced by family, education, media, and peer groups. Voter turnout remains a challenge in democratic societies; in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, about 54% of eligible voters cast ballots, reflecting ongoing engagement issues. The United States employs over 2 million federal employees, excluding postal workers, functioning across various sectors such as defense, administration, and public services.

Economically, capitalism is characterized by private ownership and market competition, fostering innovation and economic growth. However, it can also lead to inequalities and market failures, prompting debates about regulation and social welfare. From a health perspective, illness is seen as a social construct—a definition shaped by cultural, historical, and societal factors, which can evolve over time. The World Health Organization now defines health holistically as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, emphasizing not just the absence of disease but overall wellness.

The healthcare system encompasses various models, from holistic and scientific medicine to socialized systems. In the U.S., healthcare primarily operates through a mixed system involving private providers and government programs like Medicare and Medicaid. The nation has historically faced challenges with access and affordability, with significant percentages of the population lacking insurance coverage. Socialized medicine, as in Britain, involves government ownership and direct employment of healthcare providers, ensuring universal coverage and centralized regulation.

In recent decades, global fertility rates have declined, especially in high-income countries, with the U.S. classified as a low-fertility nation. Fertility levels are influenced by biological factors such as maternal health and societal factors like family norms and economic considerations. Population studies, including demographic transition theory, describe how societies progress through stages of high to low birth and death rates, reflecting development and modernization.

Population geography examines the spatial distribution and composition of populations, considering factors like migration, density, and gender ratios. Post-Civil War African American migration northward exemplifies internal migration, driven by economic opportunities and social factors. The sex ratio remains a crucial demographic indicator, affecting social and reproductive behaviors.

Thomas Malthus famously argued that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to natural checks like famine and conflict unless growth was controlled. Today's demographic transition models reveal stages where birth and death rates decline simultaneously, stabilizing population growth. Globalization and the world-systems theory explain migration patterns, with low-income countries exporting labor to industrialized nations.

Human ecology explores the interactions between humans and their environment, highlighting issues such as resource depletion and environmental degradation. Collective behavior, distinct from organized social movements, involves spontaneous activities like mobs, riots, or panics, often in response to perceived threats or emotional stimuli. For example, crowds at sporting events or post-disaster looting exhibit such phenomena.

Collective behaviors lack formal organization, but they can escalate into violence or civil unrest, as seen in riots after political trials or sporting events. Theories like convergence, emergent norm, and circular reaction help analyze how individuals influence each other within crowds. Civil disobedience, when confrontational, can transform peaceful protests into violent acts, sometimes leading to riots or mob behavior. Such instances demonstrate the volatile nature of collective behavior in social disruptions.

Social psychologists study how individuals seek out groups with similar traits or attitudes, reinforcing shared beliefs and facilitating emotional expression. Geographically dispersed groups responding similarly to events, like viral outbreaks or crises, illustrate mass hysteria or panics. Media sensationalism, including celebrity tabloids and gossip programs, often fuels such collective anxieties, shaping public perception and adding to social tensions.

References

• C. Wright Mills, 1956. The Power Elite. Oxford University Press.
• Domhoff, G. W. (2013). Who Rules America? McGraw-Hill Education.
• World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2000: Health Systems—Improving Performance. WHO.
• Pew Research Center. (2016). The Role of Social Media in Politics.
• Malthus, T. R. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. Oxford University Press.
• Giddens, A. (2013). Sociology (7th ed.). Polity Press.
• Rosenstone, S., & Hansen, R. (1993). Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. Macmillan.
• Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2018). Anthropology (14th ed.). Pearson.
• Hagan, J. (2010). Social Dynamics of Migration. Annual Review of Sociology.
• Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1987). Collective Behavior (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall.