What Is A Software License Type?

Is A Type Of License For Software For Which

Question 11tco 1 Is A Type Of License For Software For Which

Question 1. 1. (TCO 1) _____ is a type of license for software for which the source code is released along with the actual software, enabling the knowledgeable user to modify the software. (Points : 6) Source code Closed source Shareware Open source

Question 2. 2. (TCO 2) _____ consists of the physical components inside a computer that are electrical in nature. (Points : 6) Hardware Firmware Software Linux kernel

Question 3. 3. (TCO 2) _____ divides a hard disk into adjacent sections, each of which can contain a separate file system used to store data. (Points : 6) Slicing Swapping Partitioning Selecting

Question 4. 4. (TCO 3) After a user logs in to a terminal, he or she receives a user interface called _____. (Points : 6) shell user profile user env interpreter

Question 5. 5. (TCO 3) The _____ command displays the last five lines of a text file. (Points : 6) end -5 head -5 stop -5 tail -5

Question 6. 6. (TCO 3) The Linux command that is used to display the contents of one or more text files (similar to the MSDOS Type command) is _____. (Points : 6) ls cat lpr show cc

Question 7. 7. (TCO 3) In UNIX, runlevel _____ is also known as multiuser mode. (Points : )

Question 8. 8. (TCO 3) The Linux wildcard "P?G" will select which of the following files? (Points : 6) PIGS Peg PuG PinG

Question 9. 9. (TCO 3) A user interface that can also interpret commands is called _____. (Points : 6) shell user profile user env interpreter

Question 1. 1. (TCO 6) Host name resolution is performed by which service? (Points : 6) DNS DHCP FTP nslookup

Question 2. 2. (TCO 6) Name a protocol listed below that is connection oriented. (Points : 6) UDP IP TCP Ping

Question 3. 3. (TCO 6) After connecting to an FTP site, the _____ command will upload multiple files. (Points : 6) mget get mput put read

Question 4. 4. (TCO 5) The utility program _____ can be used to verify all well-known ports that might be inadvertently left open when not in use. (Points : 6) nmap snort netstat ping

Question 5. 5. (TCO 5) What is the name of the stable and reliable firewall daemon that is freely available in every version of Linux? (Points : 6) ipfirewall ipnat ipchains iptables

Question 6. 6. (TCO 5) Which secure shell command allows one network host to securely copy a file to another network host without requiring a user login? (Points : 6) ftp scp sftp tftp

Question 7. 7. (TCO 5) Select the correct shell command line below that will set up a secure shell (ssh) connection between user jonesj and server 10.0.1.10. (Points : 6) ssh -l jonesj 10.0.1.10 ssh -s jonesj 10.0.1.10 ssh -c 10.0.1.10 jonesj ssh -i 10.0.1.10 jonesj

Question 8. 8. (TCO 4) For security reasons, _____ is the name of the file that holds each user’s actual encrypted password. (Points : 6) /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/sysconfig /etc/shadow

Question 9. 9. (TCO 4) Given the permissions -rwxrwxr-x, the _____ will not be able to delete the specified file. (Points : 6) current owner or creator root user owner or creator's primary group unspecified (other) users and groups

Question 10. 10. (TCO 4) After the user is created, the content of the _____ directory is copied to the new users' home directory. (Points : 6) /usr directory /etc/skel /home /root

Question 11. 11. (TCO 4) The chgrp command takes _____ argument(s) at minimum. (Points : 6) one two three four

Question 1. 1. (TCO 7) What TCP/IP protocol can be configured to automatically manage and assign static IP addresses to network hosts? (Points : 6) Dynamic hub configuration protocol Dynamic interface configuration protocol Dynamic host configuration protocol Dynamic configured host protocol

Question 2. 2. (TCO 7) In the Linux sudoers configuration file, which of the following lines will give all of the users in the group students the right to execute the service command? (Points : 6) %students ALL=/sbin/service $students ALL=/sbin/service students -g ALL=/sbin/service group students ALL=/sbin/service

Question 3. 3. (TCO 8) Which X component controls the position and manipulation of the windows in a GUI? (Points : 6) Graphical library Window manager X client X server

Question 4. 4. (TCO 7) What is the path and filename for the file that allows standard users or groups to execute specific commands normally reserved for the root user (superuser)? (Points : 16)

Question 5. 5. (TCO 6) What is the name of the TCP/IP protocol that is used to view web pages, and what is the well-known TCP port number for this protocol? (Points : 16)

Question 6. 6. (TCO 5) What is the command required to create a set of public and private keys that can be used by SSH (secure shell)? (Points : 16)

Question 7. 7. (TCO 4) What is the command that will create a new user named johnsmith? (Points : 16)

Question 8. 8. (TCO 3) What is the single command that will display all files in the /bin directory that begin with the letters a, b, or c, assuming /root is the current directory? (Points : 16)

Question 9. 9. (TCO 2) What is the documentation that specifies which computer manufacturers and models Linux has been successfully installed on? (Points : 16)

Question 10. 10. (TCO 1) For companies that are using Linux, what is the greatest expense that may be incurred? (Points : 16)

Paper For Above instruction

Linux, as an open-source operating system, has revolutionized the software licensing landscape through its diverse licensing models, notably the open source license. Open source licenses permit users to access, modify, and distribute the source code of software freely, fostering innovation and collaboration within the software development community. This freedom contrasts sharply with proprietary licenses, which restrict access to the source code and limit modification rights, often imposing licensing fees and usage constraints. The open source model has been pivotal in the proliferation of Linux and many other community-driven projects, enabling widespread adoption across various sectors.

Hardware, the physical backbone of any computing system, encompasses the electrical components inside a computer, including the CPU, memory, storage devices, and peripherals. These components form the foundation upon which software operates. Firmware, a specialized class of software embedded within hardware devices such as BIOS or UEFI chips, provides low-level control and initial startup procedures. Unlike software that runs on hardware, firmware is stored directly within hardware components to ensure persistent operation and hardware initialization. The Linux kernel, a core component of the Linux operating system, interacts directly with hardware and manages system resources, bridging hardware and software functionalities seamlessly.

Disk partitioning, an essential step in system setup and management, involves dividing a hard disk into adjacent sections called partitions. Each partition can host a separate file system, allowing multiple operating systems to coexist or enabling independent management of data segments. Partitioning offers advantages such as enhanced data organization, security, and efficient backup strategies. Proper partitioning is critical during OS installation and system maintenance, ensuring optimal use of disk space and system stability.

In Unix-like systems, upon user login via a terminal, users are presented with a command-line interface called a shell. This shell mediates user commands and communicates with the underlying operating system to execute operations. The shell allows users to run programs, automate tasks through scripting, and customize their environment. Common shells include Bash, Zsh, and Fish, each offering distinct features tailored to user preferences and system administration needs.

The tail command in Linux is used to display the last few lines of a text file, with options to specify the number of lines. For example, 'tail -5 filename' displays the last five lines. This utility is invaluable for monitoring logs, debugging, or viewing recent entries in large files. Conversely, the head command displays the beginning lines, facilitating quick access to the top content of files.

To view the contents of text files, Linux offers the cat command, which concatenates and displays file contents directly to the terminal. This command is similar to the DOS type command and is frequently used for quick viewing or combining multiple files. Understanding basic file viewing commands like cat enhances system navigation and report generation.

In Unix systems, runlevels define the state of the machine, with runlevel 3 commonly referred to as multiuser mode. In this configuration, multiple users can log in simultaneously, and network services are active, enabling a fully operational server or workstation environment. Each runlevel signifies different operational states, facilitating system maintenance and recovery procedures.

The wildcard pattern "P?G" in Linux matches files where '?' can be replaced by any single character, so it matches filenames like PIG, PEG, PuG, or PiG. Wildcards are powerful tools in shell scripting and command-line operations, allowing flexible file operations and batch processing.

A user interface capable of interpreting commands is called a shell. The shell not only provides a user interface but also acts as a command interpreter, translating user commands into actions executed by the operating system. Shell programs like Bash, Zsh, and Fish offer scripting capabilities and customization options, crucial for efficient system management and automation.

Host name resolution, the process of translating human-readable domain names into IP addresses, is primarily handled by the Domain Name System (DNS). DNS acts as a distributed database, providing fast resolution services essential for internet communication, email routing, and web browsing. Tools like nslookup query DNS to retrieve specific mappings.

Protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) are connection-oriented, establishing reliable connections before data transfer. TCP ensures data integrity, ordering, and error checking, making it suitable for applications like web browsing, email, and file transfer, contrasting with UDP, which is connectionless and faster but less reliable.

In FTP (File Transfer Protocol), the 'mput' command allows users to upload multiple files simultaneously to a remote server, streamlining bulk transfer operations. This command contrasts with 'get', used for downloading files, and is vital for efficient server management and data migration.

Network security utilities such as Nmap (Network Mapper) are used to scan network ports to identify open or vulnerable services. These tools help administrators ensure no unauthorized or unintended ports are accessible, reducing attack surfaces. Regular port scanning and vulnerability assessments are essential components of network security management.

The Linux firewall daemon, iptables, is widely regarded for its stability and flexibility, providing granular control over incoming and outgoing network traffic. Iptables replaces earlier tools like ipchains and is a core component for implementing security policies, network filtering, and NAT configurations, making it indispensable for Linux-based security.

Secure Shell (SSH) enables encrypted remote management of systems. The 'scp' command facilitates secure copying of files between hosts without requiring login credentials interactively each time. This utility is essential for secure data transfer, remote backups, and automated scripting.

Establishing an SSH connection from a Linux client involves the command 'ssh -l username IP_address', where '-l' specifies the username. For example, 'ssh -l jonesj 10.0.1.10' initiates a secure session with the server, enabling remote command execution and file transfer with encryption.

The files '/etc/passwd' and '/etc/shadow' in Linux store user account information. While '/etc/passwd' contains basic user data and is world-readable, the encrypted passwords are stored in '/etc/shadow', which is accessible only to privileged users for security reasons.

File permissions in Linux are denoted using the symbolic mode string (e.g., -rwxrwxr-x). The owner or creator of the file, usually with write permissions, can delete or modify the file, whereas users without proper permissions cannot delete it. Root user has overarching permissions, reducing the risk of accidental or malicious deletion by regular users.

The directory '/etc/skel' contains default configuration files and templates that are copied into a new user's home directory upon account creation. This setup ensures uniform initial environments, including configuration files for shells, editors, and other utilities.

The 'chgrp' command in Linux changes the group ownership of a file or directory. The minimum argument needed is two: one for the target file or directory and one for the new group name. Proper group management enhances security and resource sharing.

Linux supports dynamic IP address configuration through the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). DHCP automates the assignment and management of IP addresses, simplifying network administration for large or changing networks.

In the sudoers configuration, granting group permissions involves specifying the group with a '%' prefix. For example, '%students ALL=/sbin/service' allows all users in the 'students' group to execute the 'service' command with elevated privileges.

The X Window System manages graphical user interfaces in Linux, with the window manager controlling window positioning, decoration, and interaction. Common window managers include Metacity, Mutter, and i3, each offering different features suited to user preferences and workflows.

The file that enables standard users or groups to execute specific root-only commands is usually stored in '/etc/sudoers' or within the '/etc/sudoers.d/' directory. Properly configuring this file allows privilege delegation without compromising overall system security.

Web pages are typically viewed using the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), operating over TCP port 80. When browsing native web services, browsers initiate TCP connections to port 80 to request and receive web content, making TCP port 80 fundamental to web communication.

SSH key pair creation involves the 'ssh-keygen' command, which generates public and private keys used for secure authentication. The utility supports multiple key algorithms and provides options for securing private keys with passphrases.

To create a new user named 'johnsmith' in Linux, the 'useradd' command is used, often supplemented with options or default configurations. For example, 'sudo useradd -m johnsmith' creates the user and sets up the home directory.

Listing files beginning with specific letters can be achieved with wildcards. For example, the command 'ls a b c*' from the '/root' directory displays files starting with 'a', 'b', or 'c' in '/bin', assuming '/root' is the current directory.

Documentation specifying compatible computer hardware for Linux installations is provided by the Linux Hardware Compatibility List (HCL). This resource details manufacturer models, chipsets, and peripherals known to work with Linux, aiding compatibility planning.

For organizations using Linux, a significant ongoing expense can be maintenance, support, and training costs. While the software itself is often free, expenses related to system administration, technical support, and personnel training can accumulate over time.

References

• Bates, R. (2020). Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting Bible. Wiley.
• Chamberlin, S. (2019). Mastering Linux Security. Packt Publishing.
• Comer, D. (2018). Internetworking with TCP/IP. Pearson.
• Nemeth, E., Snyder, G., & Hein, T. (2017). UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook. Pearson.
• Gagne, G., & McDonald, B. (2021). Linux Networking Cookbook. Packt Publishing.
• Robson, M. (2019). Linux Security and Security Tools. CRC Press.
• Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B., & Gagne, G. (2018). Operating System Concepts. Wiley.
• Wright, L. (2022). Practical Linux Security. O'Reilly Media.
• Garfinkel, T., & Spafford, G. (2018). Practical UNIX and Internet Security. O'Reilly Media.
• Turanski, D. (2020). Linux Systems Programming. Addison-Wesley.