What Is Network Protocol? List Six Access Technologies

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1. What is Network Protocol? 2. List six access technology. Describe DSL with diagram. 3. Give the examples of network core devices. 4. Give the examples of physical media. Are they network core or network edge devices? 5. What is queuing delay and packet loss?

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Network protocols are essential components of computer networking that define rules and conventions for data exchange between devices. They ensure proper communication, data integrity, and security over various types of networks. Protocols operate at different layers of the network model, such as the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), which includes protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP, and FTP. Each protocol serves a specific purpose, from establishing connections to data transfer and error handling. Understanding network protocols is fundamental to designing, managing, and troubleshooting networks effectively.

Access technologies refer to the methods used to connect end devices to the network infrastructure. Six common access technologies include Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modem, fiber optics, wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), satellite communication, and broadband wireless access (e.g., LTE, 5G). Among these, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a widely used technology that provides high-speed internet access over traditional copper telephone lines. A typical DSL system involves a DSL modem at the customer's premises connected to the telephone line, and a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) at the service provider's end that aggregates multiple customer connections. The technology enables simultaneous voice and data transmission over the same line, with dedicated channels for internet data. Diagrammatically, DSL can be represented as a connection from the customer's modem to the telephone line, then to the DSLAM, which interfaces with the internet backbone.

Network core devices facilitate communication across the entire network infrastructure. Examples include routers, switches, and firewalls. Routers direct data packets between different networks based on IP addresses, enabling the creation of wide-area networks (WANs) and the internet. Switches connect devices within a local area network (LAN), efficiently managing data flow using MAC addresses. Firewalls control inbound and outbound traffic to enforce security policies, preventing unauthorized access. These devices are vital for the core operations of network traffic management, security, and routing.

Physical media are the physical substances through which data travels in a network. Examples include twisted pair cables (Ethernet), coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, wireless radio waves, and infrared signals. These media can be categorized based on their application: wired media such as Ethernet cables and fiber optics are typically used at the network core and access layers for reliability and speed, while wireless media like Wi-Fi and satellite communication are often associated with network edge devices where mobility and flexibility are needed. The choice of physical media impacts the speed, distance, and reliability of data transmission in the network.

Queuing delay refers to the time a packet spends waiting in a queue before being transmitted over the network, often caused by congestion or limited bandwidth. As network traffic increases, packets may experience longer queuing times, leading to overall latency. Packet loss occurs when packets are dropped due to buffer overflows in network devices like routers and switches, often resulting from congestion or hardware failures. Both queuing delay and packet loss negatively impact network performance, impairing real-time communications such as voice and video. Managing these factors is crucial for maintaining high-quality network services, which can be achieved through congestion control, Quality of Service (QoS) policies, and robust network design.

References

  • Comer, D. E. (2018). Computer Networks (6th Edition). Pearson.
  • Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2021). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (8th Edition). Pearson.
  • Stallings, W. (2017). Data and Computer Communications (10th Edition). Pearson.
  • Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. J. (2011). Computer Networks (5th Edition). Pearson.
  • Forouzan, B. A. (2013). Data Communications and Networking (5th Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • FitzGerald, J., & Dennis, A. (2019). Business Data Communications and Networking (13th Edition). Wiley.
  • RFC 791: Internet Protocol (IP). (1981). IETF.
  • RFC 2475: An Architecture for Differentiated Services. (1998). IETF.
  • Cisco Systems, Inc. (2020). Cisco Networking Essentials. Cisco Press.
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2020). Guide to Ethernet Physical Layer Standards.

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