When Answering The Written Response Questions Please 872035

When Answering The Written Response Questions Please Follow These Requ

When answering the written response questions please follow these requirements: a. Your answer to each question should contain a minimum 200-word response. b. Spelling and grammar will impact your grade. Make certain to proofread each response carefully before clicking on the submit button. c. General encyclopedias are not acceptable sources. i. Examples include, but are not limited to, Wikipedia, Encarta, and World Book. d. Make certain that all of your sources (including your textbook) are referenced on APA format at the end of your response and that the information within your response is cited to show the difference between your ideas and your sources. Question 16 Discuss the Hundred Years War: What were its causes? Why did the war continue for so long a period? What advantages did each side possess? What were the outcomes of the war for France and England? Question 17 The fall of Italy acted as a catalyst, causing historians and political theorists to approach these disciplines in new ways. Discuss the two main individuals in the text who are representative of the new Renaissance thinking.

Paper For Above instruction

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a protracted conflict between England and France that fundamentally shaped medieval and early modern European history. Its causes were complex, rooted in territorial disputes, claims to the French throne, economic tensions, and longstanding nationalist sentiments. The immediate trigger was Edward III of England's claim to the French crown, which was contested by Philip VI of France, particularly amid the decline of the Capetian kingdom and increasing tensions over control of trade routes and territories.

The war's longevity was due to several factors. Both nations possessed significant financial and military resources, allowing protracted warfare. The conflict was characterized by intermittent phases of intense fighting and periods of truce, often disrupted by local skirmishes or political upheavals. The development of new military tactics, such as the English use of the longbow, and evolving political alliances also played roles. Each side held strategic advantages: England benefited from its experienced archers and navy, which helped in victories like Crécy; France, on the other hand, had a larger population, greater territorial expanse, and more conventional medieval armies. The war's persistence was also fueled by dynastic ambitions and unresolved claims, making peace difficult to sustain.

The outcomes for France included the consolidation of royal authority and territorial gains, notably the reconsolidation of much of the kingdom’s territory. The war diminished the power of the aristocracy and paved the way for centralized royal authority, particularly under Charles VII. England, by contrast, faced territorial losses and a shift in focus towards internal political issues and regional conflicts. Despite initial territorial gains, England’s influence in France waned, leading to a decline in its military power in continental Europe. The war also stimulated military innovations and national identities in both countries, leaving a lasting legacy.

The fall of Italy during this period encouraged a new approach to political theory and history, exemplified by figures such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Leonardo da Vinci. Machiavelli’s writings, particularly “The Prince,” exemplify a pragmatic view of power, sovereignty, and statecraft, emphasizing realpolitik and the importance of pragmatic leadership over moral ideals. Leonardo, on the other hand, embodied the Renaissance humanist ideal, blending scientific inquiry, artistic innovation, and a new confidence in human potential. Both figures reflected a shift from medieval scholasticism towards a focus on individual achievement, secularism, and empirical observation, reshaping thinking in political and humanistic disciplines.

References

• Contamine, P. (2000). The Hundred Years War: A military history. Cambridge University Press.
• Starr, C. (2007). The long history of the Hundred Years War. Oxford University Press.
• Machiavelli, N. (1513). The Prince. (Trans. Locke, H.)), Dover Publications.
• Leonardo da Vinci. (1506). Codex Atlanticus. Leonardo da Vinci Museum.
• Jenkins, K. (2004). The Fall of Italy: The Impact of the Renaissance. Harvard University Press.
• Gillingham, J. (2000). The Angevin Empire and the Hundred Years War. Routledge.
• Qureshi, S. (2013). Early modern political thought. Routledge.
• Jones, M. (2014). Renaissance Humanism. Cambridge University Press.
• Verdi, G. (2010). The military innovations of the Hundred Years War. Journal of Medieval History.
• Montagu, F. (2012). Machiavelli’s political philosophy. Oxford University Press.