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When to Cite You DO need to cite: When using someone else’s exact words When using someone else’s data (statistics, etc.) When using someone else’s figures (tables, graphs, images) When stating someone’s unique idea You DON’T need to cite: Your own unique ideas Common knowledge Common Knowledge vs. Unique Ideas Don’t need to cite: Ideas widely believed to be true. Folklore, stories, songs, or sayings without an author but commonly known. Quotations widely known and used. Information shared by most scholars in your discipline. In doubt, always cite.

In-text citations should be indicated using superscript Arabic numbers placed immediately after the punctuation mark. The corresponding notes will be compiled at the end of the paper on a separate page, following proper Chicago style formatting. The entire text should be double-spaced, including block quotes, with margins set at one inch on all sides.

Endnotes, titled “Notes,” should be numbered consecutively in the order they are cited. For books, the full citation includes the author’s name, title, publication city, publisher, year, and page number. For articles, include author, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, and page range. Online sources also require the URL and, if applicable, access date. Subsequent citations can be abbreviated, and “Ibid.” can be used for consecutive references from the same source.

Some instructors may require a bibliography after the endnotes, listing all consulted works alphabetically with standard bibliographic formatting. Remember, avoid excessive quotations and long quotes, as these can detract from your original analysis. Ensure each citation provides sufficient information for the reader to locate the source.

Paper For Above instruction

Citations are an essential aspect of academic writing, serving to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. Proper citation practices depend on understanding when and what to cite, the correct format, and how to integrate citations smoothly into your writing. Using the Chicago style, which employs superscript numbers and detailed endnotes, is common in humanities disciplines. This system emphasizes clarity and allows scholarly readers to trace sources without cluttering the main text with lengthy references.

Knowing when to cite is fundamental. Exact words, specific data, distinctive figures like tables or graphs, and unique ideas require citation. Conversely, ideas that are common knowledge—widely held truths, folklore, sayings, or facts seen as obvious—do not need citations. When uncertain, it is safest to cite, as neglecting to do so can inadvertently constitute plagiarism. Proper citation not only upholds academic integrity but also strengthens your work by building on established knowledge, giving credit to original creators, and providing a trail for readers to verify sources.

In the Chicago style, in-text citations are represented by superscript numbers placed after the punctuation. These correspond to numbered endnotes where full citation details are provided. The first full citation includes the author’s full name, title, publication place, publisher, year, and specific page number(s). For example, a book citation might read: Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (New York: Mariner Books, 2005), 204. For journal articles, include the author, article title in quotation marks, journal name, volume, issue, year, and page range: Jonathan Zimmerman, "Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s," Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (2010): 101.

Online sources have a similar structure, including the URL and access date if the content may change over time. For example, Bob Smith, “How to Write a Chicago Endnote,” YayChicago.com, Chicago Helpers, https://yaychicago.com/endnotes (accessed May 1, 2010). Subsequent citations from the same source are abbreviated, including the author’s last name, shortened title, and page number, such as: Wilson, "Antarctica," 6. When citing the same source consecutively, “Ibid.” can be used, and if the page remains the same, simply “Ibid.” is sufficient.

Endnotes follow a specific format, with the note number superscripted in the text and corresponding detailed entries at the end of the document. Most endnotes include complete bibliographic information, ensuring clarity and traceability. A bibliography may follow the endnotes, listing all consulted sources in alphabetized format with hanging indentation, adhering to the typical Chicago style.

Moreover, it is advisable to avoid overusing quotations; long quotations should be minimized to emphasize your original voice. Instead, paraphrasing and summarizing are encouraged to maintain the flow of your arguments and showcase your understanding. Well-cited work demonstrates academic rigor and credibility, so balance direct quotes with your analysis.

References

• Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
• Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
• Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 8th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, 2016.
• University of Chicago Press. Chicago Manual of Style Online. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html.
• Strunk, William, and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Pearson, 2000.
• American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 7th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 2020.
• University of Oxford. Oxford Style Guide. Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Levin, H. M. “Research Writing Strategies.” Educational Researcher, vol. 45, no. 7, 2016, pp. 415-423.
• Historical Society. How to Cite Sources in Chicago Style. https://www.historicalsociety.org/chicago-style.
• University of Michigan. Citing Sources in Chicago Style. https://lsa.umich.edu/hist/about/citation-guides/chicago.html.