You Must Find An Area Of The Topic To Write About To Keep Th

You Must Find An Area Of The Topic To Write About To Keep The Scientif

You Must Find An Area Of The Topic To Write About To Keep The Scientif

You must find an area of the topic to write about to keep the scientific information going . 125 words . RE: 17. Poliovirus COLLAPSE Week 2 Discussion Post 17. Polio Virus The Wild Polio Virus (WPV) has 3 serotypes (1, 2, 3), considered eradicated in many countries, but a few poorly resourced countries still report cases.

According to The Guardian (2022), WPV2 and WPV3 are largely eradicated worldwide, and only Pakistan and Afghanistan remain endemic regions for WPV1. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has helped eradicate this disability causing WPV (WHO, 2022a). However, surveillance efforts often report cases of vaccine-derived polio in many settings (WHO, 2022b). Poliovirus is a single-stranded RNA enterovirus that is primarily fecal-orally transmitted (WHO, 2022a). WPV causes paralytic poliomyelitis that presents with generalized weakness, followed by flaccid paralysis (The Guardian, 2022).

Thus massive vaccination has helped curb poliomyelitis, which is a debilitating infection. The latest cases of WPV have been in poorly resourced settings. For the first time in 30 years, Malawi reported its first case of WPV since 1992 within its capital of Lilongwe in March 2022 (The Guardian, 2022). The case came at a backdrop of the region being declared free of the wild poliovirus in August 2020 (WHO, 2022a). The good news is that the WHO upheld the region’s certification as free of wild polio, linking the case to the Malawian WPV1 variant to the one circulating in Pakistan’s Sindh province since 2019 (The Guardian, 2022).

However, the case sparked concerns of a looming outbreak, and interregional surveillance recommended mass vaccination for more than the 23 million children under 5 years in neighboring Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (WHO, 2022b). The recently produced Enhanced Polio Inactivated Vaccine is currently being given as the first shot to prevent the emergence of vaccine-derived polio. Subsequently, vaccinations will use the oral polio vaccine (OPV). With the possibility of a regional outbreak in the offing, it is hoped that the meticulously planned and coordinated surveillance and vaccination in the southern African countries will extinguish this threat over the four months since the case was in the capital of Malawi (The Guardian, 2022).

Africa last reported WPV in northern Nigeria in 2016, and there were only 5 cases in 2021. Thus, many global partners are working together to assess and mitigate the situation in Malawi, using innovative vaccination campaign solutions (WHO, 2022a). The goal has always been to ensure that all children are polio-free since it’s a leading cause of preventable paralysis and disability.

Paper For Above instruction

The emergence and persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) represent a significant challenge to global eradication efforts, despite the substantial progress made in eliminating wild poliovirus (WPV). VDPVs arise when the attenuated virus used in oral polio vaccines (OPV) mutates and regains neurovirulence, causing outbreaks that resemble WPV infections. Notably, these are more common in areas with low immunization coverage, where the virus can circulate and mutate silently within communities. The recent case of WPV in Malawi underscores the delicate balance between vaccination efforts and surveillance systems designed to prevent resurgence. Implementing environmental surveillance, including sewage testing, plays a crucial role in early detection of poliovirus circulation, particularly in regions where vaccination coverage remains inconsistent. Transitioning from OPV to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which cannot revert to virulence, is an essential strategy to eliminate vaccine-derived strains. The fight against poliovirus must consider improving global vaccine coverage, strengthening surveillance, and addressing logistical challenges in resource-limited settings to safeguard the progress achieved and move closer to complete eradication. Understanding the dynamics of VDPVs, including their genetic evolution and transmission pathways, is critical to adapting vaccination strategies and preventing future outbreaks.

References

  • World Health Organization. (2022a). Polio eradication strategy updates. WHO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/polio-eradication-strategy-updates
  • World Health Organization. (2022b). Vaccine-derived polioviruses. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polioviruses
  • The Guardian. (2022). Malawi reports first polio case in 30 years. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/18/malawi-reports-first-polio-case-30-years
  • Global Polio Eradication Initiative. (2022). Progress towards polio eradication. GPEI. https://polioeradication.org/where-we-work/countries/
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Poliovirus Vaccine and Immunization. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/index.html
  • Burns, C. C., & Grassly, N. C. (2019). Strategies for controlling vaccine-derived polioviruses. Vaccine, 37(19), 2720–2726.
  • Kew, O. M., & Sutter, R. W. (2018). Molecular epidemiology of polioviruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 217(Suppl 1), S37–S42.
  • Abimiku, A., et al. (2020). Challenges to global polio eradication: The interaction of vaccine use, surveillance, and community engagement. Vaccine, 38(4), 859–866.
  • John, T. J., & Sutter, R. W. (2017). Overcoming challenges in polio eradication: The importance of vaccines and surveillance. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(10), 1550–1558.
  • Fulton, R., et al. (2018). Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the context of eradication. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(10), 742–747.

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