A&P I Lecture: Interpretation To Identify Concepts And Probl ✓ Solved
A&P I Lecture Interpretation To identify concepts and problems
Research a specific disease associated with a structure or process studied in A&P I. The research should focus on the cause(s), metabolic pathways, symptoms, genetic influences, diagnostic methods, morbidity, treatment, and range of distribution of the disease. The project must be presented in PowerPoint format containing a minimum of 8-10 slides, and include images and graphs as appropriate. A minimum of four sources must be used in addition to the textbook, including medical journals, legitimate websites, and/or an expert. The last slide must include all references used to complete the assignment.
Paper For Above Instructions
Introduction
The study of human diseases is essential in understanding how the body functions and how various diseases impact health. This paper aims to explore a specific disease, detailing its causes, metabolic pathways, symptoms, genetic influences, diagnostic methods, morbidity, treatment, and distribution. For the purpose of this assignment, the disease chosen is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
1. Causes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) primarily results from a complex interplay of genetic factors, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, is a key pathological feature. This condition is influenced by obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and dietary habits. Genetic predisposition also plays a significant role, with several genes associated with increased risk for developing T2DM (Buchanan et al., 2011).
2. Metabolic Pathways Involved
Central to the development of T2DM is the dysfunction of insulin signaling pathways. When insulin binds to its receptor, a cascade of molecular events occurs, promoting glucose uptake by cells. In T2DM, this pathway is disrupted, leading to elevated blood glucose levels (DeFronzo et al., 2015). The liver also plays a critical role; it inappropriately produces glucose due to the loss of insulin's action.
3. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The symptoms of T2DM can be insidious and may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. Patients may also experience slow healing of cuts and bruises, as well as recurring infections (American Diabetes Association, 2020). Recognizing these symptoms early can be crucial for effective management.
4. Genetic Influence
Genetics plays an important role in the development of T2DM. Family history is a significant risk factor, indicating that multiple genetic components contribute to this disease. Studies have identified genetic variants that affect insulin secretion and action, increasing susceptibility to T2DM among predisposed individuals (Ruderman et al., 2014).
5. Diagnostic Methods
Diagnosis of T2DM is typically made through blood tests measuring glucose levels. The fasting plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, and hemoglobin A1c test are common methods used to confirm the disease. An A1c level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes (World Health Organization, 2019).
6. Morbidity Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
T2DM is associated with significant morbidity, including a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and certain types of cancer. Complications arise from persistent hyperglycemia causing damage to blood vessels and nerves (Zheng et al., 2018). The frequency of these complications necessitates careful management of blood glucose levels.
7. Treatment Options
Management of T2DM includes lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels. First-line treatment often involves metformin, which decreases glucose production in the liver and increases insulin sensitivity. Other medications may include GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors (American Diabetes Association, 2020).
8. Range of Distribution
T2DM prevalence varies by age, ethnicity, and geographical location. According to recent statistics, the disease significantly affects African American, Hispanic, and Native American populations more than Caucasians (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Urbanization, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic status also influence distribution patterns globally.
Conclusion
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disease with far-reaching implications for public health. Effective management relies on understanding its causes, recognizing symptoms, and implementing appropriate treatment strategies. Continued research and education are vital in combating this chronic condition and improving the quality of life for those affected.
References
- American Diabetes Association. (2020). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement 1), S1-S232.
- Buchanan, T. A., et al. (2011). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 34(Supplement 2), S120-S126.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. CDC.
- DeFronzo, R. A., et al. (2015). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(18), 1760-1776.
- Ruderman, N. B., et al. (2014). The "Diabesity" Challenge. Diabetes Care, 37(9), 2393-2396.
- World Health Organization. (2019). Diabetes Fact Sheet. WHO.
- Zheng, Y., et al. (2018). Type 2 Diabetes: An Urgent Need for a New Approach. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4(1), 10.