ABC/123 Version X Week 3 Review Worksheet PSY 203 Version

ABC/123 Version X 1 Week 3 Review Worksheet PSY/203 Version University of Phoenix Material

Highlight the correct answer.

1. Angelica wants to win the beauty contest because she wants the trophy and the recognition. She is extrinsically motivated.

a. intrinsically

b. avoidance

c. extrinsically

d. situationally

2. Maslow believed that all human beings strive to become self-actualized.

a. great people

b. self-actualized

c. goal oriented

d. achievement oriented

3. _____________________ theory postulates that bodily reactions occur before the emotions and _____________________ theory postulates that both the bodily reactions and emotions occur at the same time.

a. Cannon–Bard theory; James–Lange theory

b. James–Lange theory; Two factor theory

c. James–Lange theory; Cannon–Bard theory

d. Emotional intelligence; Dual Pathway Model of Fear

4. ______________________ is the ability to manage emotions effectively in a variety of situations.

a. Emotional intelligence

b. Emotional resilience

c. Emotional stability

d. Mental toughness

5. ___________________ believed that the process in which we handle specific psychosocial crises shapes our personality development throughout the lifespan.

a. Sigmund Freud

b. Erik Erikson

c. Jean Piaget

d. Albert Bandura

6. Children tend to view the world based on their personal perspectives. The term for this is

a. centration

b. egocentrism

c. ego identity

d. narcissism

7. _____________ developed his theories on human development by observing his own children interact with the world.

a. Jean Piaget

b. Albert Bandura

c. Erik Erikson

d. Lev Vygotsky

8. ______________ theorized that children learn through the process of interacting with different types of people in their culture and daily lives.

a. Jean Piaget

b. Albert Bandura

c. Erik Erikson

d. Lev Vygotsky

9. Erikson believed one of the biggest challenges people face in late adulthood is their ability to maintain their ______________ as they approach the end of their life.

a. sense of self

b. ego identity

c. ego integrity

d. self-efficacy

10. According to Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, what is the life crisis stage when people develop close relations with others?

a. Identity versus role diffusion

b. Intimacy versus isolation

c. Generativity versus stagnation

d. Integrity versus despair

Fill in the Blank

  1. Need – A state of deprivation or deficiency
  2. Biological Drives – A state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst
  3. Incentives – Rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to do something
  4. Achievement motivation – The motive or desire to become successful
  5. Secondary Drives – The desire to earn wealth or respect of others
  6. Drive reduction – Achieving self-satisfaction by completing a particular goal
  7. Schachter Theory – Feeling states that psychologists view as having cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
  8. Cannon-Bard Theory – The belief that emotions occur after people become aware of the physiological responses to the triggering stimuli
  9. James Lange Theory – The belief that emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously
  10. Schema – A mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment
  11. Adaptation – The process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment
  12. Assimilation – The process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas
  13. Accommodation – The process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects and experiences
  14. Object Permanence – The recognition that objects continue to exist even if they disappear from view
  15. Egocentrism – The tendency to see the world from one’s own perspective
  16. Ego Identity – The attainment of a psychological sense of knowing oneself and one’s direction in life
  17. Self Efficacy – A person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
  18. Albert Bandura – Theorist focused on the social relationships that humans have throughout their life
  19. Jean Piaget – Theorist who developed his theories on human development by observing his own children interact with the world
  20. Erik Erikson – Theorist who developed a stage theory on how moral decision making changes throughout the lifespan

Short Answer

Theories of motivation explain why individuals engage in certain behaviors and pursue specific goals, shaping human behavior through various mechanisms. The primary theories include Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which suggests humans are motivated by a series of innate needs culminating in self-actualization; Drive Reduction Theory, emphasizing biological drives and the goal of homeostasis; and Incentive Theory, which focuses on external stimuli as motivators. Maslow’s theory posits a progression from basic physiological needs to complex psychological needs, while Drive Reduction emphasizes internal bodily needs that motivate behavior to restore balance. Incentive Theory considers environmental rewards as primary motivators. In contrast, the theories of emotion—such as James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Schachter—differ in how they explain the relationship between physiological responses and emotional experience. The James-Lange theory asserts that emotions result from physiological reactions; Cannon-Bard argues that physiological responses and emotions occur simultaneously; and Schachter’s Two-Factor theory emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in emotional experience.

The James-Lange theory suggests that we interpret physiological signals as emotional feelings (e.g., trembling leads to fear). Cannon-Bard proposes that the thalamus simultaneously triggers emotional feelings and physiological responses. Schachter's Two-Factor theory incorporates cognitive processes, indicating that physiological arousal coupled with a situational label produces emotional experiences. Overall, these theories highlight different mechanisms—whether physiological, cognitive, or both—that underlie emotional responses, offering varied perspectives on how humans experience emotions.

References

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Principles of motivation: An overview. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Positive psychology: Exploring the best in life (pp. 215–230). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Cannon, W. B. (1915). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 28(3), 378-404.
  • Fraley, R. (2015). GMOs essential to life-saving medicines and other uses, even if you don't want them in food. Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved from https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/09/28/gmos-essential-life-saving-medicines-uses-even-dont-want-food/
  • Kelly, M. (2012). Top 7 genetically modified crops. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-7-genetically-modifie_n_2033641
  • Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2011). The Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379–399.
  • Vaesa, J. (2013). GMOs: Benefits and negative effects of genetically modified food. Decoded Science. Retrieved from https://decodedscience.org/gmos-benefits-negative-effects-genetically-modified-food/
  • University of Minnesota. (2003). Harmful effects of the agent. GMO: Harmful effects. Retrieved from https://enhs.umn.edu/current/5103/gm/harmful.html
  • Vaidya, S., & Rao, P. (2018). Motivation theories: A review. International Journal of Management Research and Review, 8(12), 658–663.

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