Anatomy And Physiology I Part 1 Initial Post Instructions

Anatomy And Physiology Iipart 1 Initial Post Instructions About A Pag

Anatomy and Physiology II PART 1 Initial Post Instructions (about a page) (discussion post) Claire wakes up to her alarm sounding. It is time to get ready for school. She stands up out of bed, stretches and walks to the bathroom to take a shower. Before getting in, she checks the water temperature. After her shower, as she is getting dressed she begins to salivate at the smell of the breakfast her roommate has made for the both of them.

List the divisions of the nervous system that are involved in each of these actions. PART 2 CASE STUDY A 30 year-old female with multiple sclerosis (MS) has come for their routine check up with her neurologist. Her first signs and symptoms several years earlier. The symptoms were not concerning as it was only tingling sensations that were a mild discomfort. Those feelings also went away.

It became worrisome when the sensation transitioned into pain and tingling. She began to lose coordination during each cycle, and over time she never fully recovered from the previous flare. Deliverables Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers. 1.

What cellular structure is degenerating and rebuilding in MS? 2. Does this explain the progression we see with the signs and symptoms? Explain why. 3.

When there are issues with the neural tissue like this, they will often look into the eye. Why? 4. Here are three early symptoms. that we might see in MS. Assign them to whether they are a part of the sensory, motor or autonomic nervous system.

Afterward, try to describe how MS would cause these symptoms. · Dysarthria · Paresthesia · Constipation Week 2 Nervous System-Introduction Learning Outcomes: · Organize the NS into structural and functional divisions · Locate and identify the cellular components of nervous tissue · Explain the formation of the resting membrane potential and the action potential, and the propagation of the action potential to form a nerve impulse. · Explain the factors involved in the transmission of an action potential from one neuron to another in the synapse. Introduction The nervous system is a vast network of neurons that act as a communication system throughout the body. The structures of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Today you will explore its organization and cellular components. You will also explore the physiology of action potentials that allows communication via electrical impulses. Assignment Part 1: Complete the activities in Anatomy.TV Nervous system: Introduction, Organization, Nervous tissue, Action Potentials, Synapses To access Anatomy.TV: Resources tab>Library>Library Resources-Database A-Z>Anatomy.TV>Titles(default tab): Choose Nervous system>choose assigned sections You will work through the material and activities by scrolling down on the right. This will allow you to see and work through all activities for that section. Keep the lab report with you as you complete the activities to record data.

Part 2: Complete the lab report. Nervous System Lab Report 1. List the components of the central nervous system vs the peripheral nervous system. (1 point; ½ point each) CNS: PNS: 2. Compare and contrast the following parts of the peripheral NS utilizing the chart: (3 points; 1/2 point each) Control (Voluntary or Involuntary) Effector Organs Somatic NS Autonomic NS Enteric NS 3. Label the neuron with the following terms. (½ point each for 2 ½ points) Axon, hillock, myelin sheath, soma, dendrites 3.

Name the 3 distinct phases of an action potential. (1 point each for 3 points) 4. a. What is myelin? (½ point) b. What is its function in the myelin sheath? (1 point) 5. What is the general function of neuroglia? (½ point) 7. a. Which neuroglia provides the myelin sheath in the CNS? (½ point) b.

Which neuroglia provides the myelin sheath in the PNS? (½ point) 6. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal it will lead to depolarization of the membrane triggering opening of voltage gated calcium channels. What will result from the increase in calcium in the presynaptic axon terminal? (See synapse tab) (1 ½ points) 7. How does the CNS interact with the PNS? (1 point) Activity Deliverable Points Part 1 Complete Anatomy.TV lab activities 15 Part 2 Complete lab report 15 Total Complete all lab activities 30

Paper For Above instruction

The nervous system is an intricate communication network that governs virtually all functions of the human body, integrating sensory information, coordinating motor responses, and regulating autonomic functions essential for maintaining homeostasis. The actions described in the scenario involving Claire—waking up, stretching, showering, and salivating—engage different divisions of the nervous system, each playing a pivotal role in ensuring seamless bodily function. Additionally, understanding the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) provides insight into how neural degeneration impacts these functions and manifests as neurological symptoms.

Divisions of the Nervous System Involved in Daily Actions

Claire's morning routine involves several neural processes mediated by specific divisions of the nervous system. Initially, her waking up and stretching involve the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the brain's reticular activating system, which regulates wakefulness and consciousness. The voluntary movement to walk to the bathroom activates the somatic nervous system, a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), responsible for conscious motor control of skeletal muscles. Sensory input, such as checking water temperature, involves afferent neurons transmitting signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Her action of checking water temperature predominantly involves the somatic sensory neurons detecting thermal stimuli and relaying this information to the brain. The process of showering entails involuntary reflexes like the regulation of water temperature and flow, managed by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), another PNS subdivision, which controls involuntary functions such as vasodilation and muscle contractions involved in the reflex arc.

Finally, salivating in response to the smell of breakfast is governed by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the parasympathetic division, which stimulates salivary glands. This complex interplay ensures that each bodily function occurs smoothly—voluntary movements are coordinated by the somatic nervous system, while subconscious responses and physiological adjustments are handled by the autonomic nervous system.

Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination of neurons in the CNS. The primary cellular structure affected in MS is the myelin sheath—a fatty insulating layer surrounding axons that facilitates rapid nerve conduction. The immune system mistakenly attacks oligodendrocytes, the glial cells responsible for producing myelin in the CNS, leading to their degeneration and subsequent demyelination. During remyelination, but often incomplete, new oligodendrocytes attempt to repair the damaged myelin, causing cycles of degeneration and repair.

This ongoing process results in impaired nerve conduction, manifesting as various neurological deficits. The slow or blocked transmission of electrical signals causes the hallmark signs and symptoms of MS, which fluctuate in severity and frequency depending on the extent of demyelination and repair. The loss of myelin disrupts communication between neurons, impairing motor coordination, sensation, and autonomic functions, accounting for the progressive nature observed in MS patients.

Why Look Into the Eye in Neural Tissue Disorders

In MS and similar neurological conditions, the optic nerve—a central part of the visual pathway—is often examined because it provides a window into neural tissue health. The optic nerve is an extension of the CNS, composed of myelinated axons, and is accessible for non-invasive imaging. Changes such as optic neuritis, which involves inflammation of the optic nerve, are common in MS and can precede other neurological symptoms. Monitoring the optic nerve via optical coherence tomography (OCT) or visual field testing offers insight into CNS demyelination and neurodegeneration, making it a valuable diagnostic and monitoring tool.

Early Symptoms of MS and Their Nervous System Classification

• Dysarthria is classified as a motor system symptom because it involves impaired speech articulation due to weakened or incoordination of muscles involved in speech, resulting from corticobulbar tract damage.
• Paresthesia pertains to the sensory nervous system as it involves abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness, reflecting disrupted sensory pathways or peripheral nerve functions.
• Constipation is primarily an autonomic nervous system manifestation, involving disrupted autonomic control of gastrointestinal motility and sphincter function.

In MS, demyelination of nerve fibers within the CNS impairs conduction along sensory and motor pathways, leading to these symptoms. For example, demyelination affecting the corticobulbar tract results in dysarthria, while lesions in sensory tracts cause paresthesia. Autonomic disturbances, such as constipation, occur when demyelination affects autonomic pathways controlling the gastrointestinal system.

Conclusion

Understanding the divisions of the nervous system and their specific roles helps elucidate how daily activities and neurological diseases such as MS affect bodily functions. The process of demyelination in MS exemplifies how disruptions in neural conduction result in diverse and progressive symptoms, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and targeted therapies. Examining neural tissues, like the optic nerve, allows clinicians to detect CNS involvement non-invasively, providing critical insights into disease progression. A comprehensive grasp of nervous system organization and physiology is essential for advancing neurological diagnostics and treatments.

References

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