Answer Question 1 And Other Questions: What Are The Four Dif

Answerquestion 1and Any Other3questionswhat Are The Four Different Pe

Answerquestion 1and Any Other3questionswhat Are The Four Different Pe

Answer Question 1 and any other 3 questions. What are the four different perspectives on globalization? (Part II) Explain and give examples. According to Wallerstein (Part II, Ch 6), why can capitalism only exist in a world economy? What role do strong states play in the world system? Why does it propagate universalist and anti-universalist principles? Does Wallerstein think the world system today still resembles that of the sixteenth century? According to Huntington (Part I, Ch 5), what is new about world politics today? Does this image of a world embroiled in clashes of civilization contradict the conventional view that the globalization process creates new bonds across cultural boundaries? Does Huntington demonstrate that civilizations are now the primary forms of identity and organization in world society? According to Bestor (Part III, Ch 13), how does the tuna trade exemplify key features of contemporary globalization? Why are tuna farms a kind of global enterprise? Does the globalization of sushi show that cultural differences are disappearing? According to Milanovic and Collier inequality has changed a great deal in the last few decades. What specific income inequality trends do they each identify? According to Collier what has happened to the “Bottom Billion”? How could these countries and peoples be lifted up? Strange (Part V, Ch 28) argues that rapid technological change and the extensive resources required for technological innovation force states to do the bidding of transnational corporations. Explain the logic of this argument while also showing how technological change can also work to the benefit of states.

Paper For Above instruction

The phenomenon of globalization has garnered extensive scholarly debate, with diverse perspectives explaining its evolving nature and impact. Central to understanding globalization are various theoretical frameworks that interpret the processes shaping global interactions, economic systems, and cultural exchanges. This essay delves into the four primary perspectives on globalization, explores Wallerstein’s world-systems theory concerning capitalism’s dependency on the world economy, examines Huntington’s views on contemporary civilization clashes, analyzes Bestor’s example of the tuna trade within globalization, and considers the implications of inequality and technological change as discussed by Milanovic, Collier, and Strange. Each perspective offers unique insights into the interconnectedness and complexities characterizing today's global landscape.

Four Perspectives on Globalization

Scholars traditionally categorize perspectives on globalization into four main types: the hyper-globalist, sceptic, transformationalist, and transnationalist views. The hyper-globalist perspective contends that globalization signifies the decline of nation-states and the emergence of a borderless world, driven by advances in technology and economic integration (Giddens, 2000). For example, multinational corporations now operate seamlessly across borders, influencing policy and economic outcomes globally. Conversely, skeptics argue that globalization is exaggerated and that nation-states retain significant sovereignty, especially in economic and political realms (Hirst & Thompson, 1996). They emphasize the enduring nature of national boundaries and local identities, citing persistent borders and cultural distinctions. The transformationalist approach bridges these views, recognizing that globalization profoundly transforms societies but argues the process is uneven and contested (Held et al., 1999). Lastly, the transnationalist perspective focuses on the rise of networks and actors transcending national borders, such as NGOs and transnational communities, shaping a new form of global civil society (Smith, 2001). These perspectives collectively illustrate the multifaceted nature of globalization, with examples ranging from global financial markets to transnational advocacy networks.

Wallerstein and the World System

Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems theory emphasizes that capitalism’s survival depends on a global economic system that maintains regional and class hierarchies. As he explains, capitalism originated in Europe and expanded through colonialism, establishing core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral zones (Wallerstein, 1974). This structure ensures that capitalism can only operate within a world economy, where surplus value is extracted from the periphery and reinvested in the core. Strong states serve critical roles within this system by regulating economic activities, maintaining stability, and defending the interests of core nations (Wallerstein, 2000). However, these states simultaneously propagate both universalist principles, such as human rights, and anti-universalist sentiments, exemplified by national sovereignty and protectionism. Wallerstein also argues that the modern world-system, while evolving technologically, still bears structural similarities to that of the sixteenth century, with persistent core-periphery dynamics shaping global interactions (Wallerstein, 2004). This enduring structure reflects deep-rooted economic and political inequalities rooted in historical trajectories.

Huntington and Civilizational Clashes

Samuel Huntington’s theory of civilizational clashes postulates that cultural identities based on civilizational lines are becoming the primary axes of conflict in the post-Cold War world. He claims that major civilizations—such as Western, Confucian, Islamic, and Hindu—are now the key sources of identity and political organization (Huntington, 1996). What is new, according to Huntington, is that these civilizational boundaries are increasingly salient due to the decline of ideological conflicts and the resurgence of primordial identities. This perspective appears to contradict the mainstream view that globalization fosters cross-cultural bonds; instead, Huntington emphasizes cultural divergence and potential conflict. He demonstrates that conflicts are likely to occur along civilizational fault lines, particularly where different civilizations meet, such as the West and Islam, thus challenging notions of a homogenized global culture. Huntington’s thesis suggests a return to the importance of cultural and civilizational identities as defining features in world politics (Huntington, 1996).

Globalization and the Tuna Trade

Bestor’s analysis of the tuna trade illustrates how globalization manifests through complex, transnational enterprises that shape economic and cultural exchanges. Tuna farming and harvesting exemplify key features like global supply chains, technological integration, and market expansion. Tuna farms operate across multiple countries, reflecting the globalized nature of food production—an example of a global enterprise (Bestor, 2005). The globalization of sushi, featuring tuna as a central ingredient, signals the blending of culinary cultures but also raises questions about cultural authenticity and homogenization. The widespread popularity of sushi across different societies indicates diminishing cultural boundaries; however, it also reflects the commodification and standardization of cuisine as a global product. The tuna trade encapsulates contemporary globalization by linking producers, consumers, and markets across continents, revealing the interconnectedness of economic, cultural, and technological processes involved in shaping modern consumption patterns (Bestor, 2005).

Income Inequality and Technological Change

Milanovic and Collier highlight significant shifts in global income inequality over recent decades. Milanovic notes a growing gap between the global rich and poor, emphasizing the polarization within countries and between nations. His concept of the “elephant curve” illustrates how the middle classes in advanced economies have stagnated while the ultra-rich continue to accumulate wealth (Milanovic, 2016). Collier focuses on the “Bottom Billion”—countries trapped in poverty due to resource limitations, conflict, and poor governance—and discusses strategies for their uplift, such as increased aid, trade opportunities, and good governance reforms (Collier, 2007). These countries face marginalization in the global economy, but targeted interventions could facilitate their development. Meanwhile, Strange argues that rapid technological advancement enables states and corporations to exercise influence over global markets, often prioritizing transnational corporate interests over national sovereignty (Strange, 1996). Technological change can benefit states by providing new tools for economic growth and security but also challenges their autonomy when global corporations exert dominant influence.

Conclusion

The perspectives discussed manifest the multifaceted and dynamic nature of globalization. Whether viewed through structural economic theories like Wallerstein’s world-systems, cultural conflict theories such as Huntington’s, or the analysis of specific cases like the tuna trade, these frameworks reveal complex processes influencing global integration. Addressing inequality and technological impacts further underscores the importance of nuanced, interdisciplinary approaches to understanding globalization’s evolving reality. As global interconnectedness deepens, recognizing these diverse perspectives ensures a more comprehensive grasp of the opportunities and challenges that define our interconnected world.

References

• Bestor, T. C. (2005). Japan's cuisine: The foods and dishes of the homeland. University of California Press.
• Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press.
• Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. Routledge.
• Hirst, P., & Thompson, G. (1996). The Future of the Nation-State: Greedy States in an Global Age. Polity Press.
• Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture. Stanford University Press.
• Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster.
• Milanovic, B. (2016). Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Harvard University Press.
• Smith, M. (2001). Transnational Social Movements. In S. Cohen & S. Rai (Eds.), Global Social Movements: Audiences, Counterpublics and Circuits of Contention. Rowman & Littlefield.
• Strange, S. (1996). The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge University Press.
• Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World-System. Academic Press.
• Wallerstein, I. (2000). The Changing Nature of the World System. Sociological Forum, 15(2), 253–270.
• Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press.