Answer The 3 Questions Below. Be Sure To Use Complete Senten

Answer The 3 Questions Belowbe Sure To Use Complete Sentences Andor

Answer the 3 Questions Belowbe Sure To Use Complete Sentences Andor

Answer the 3 Questions below. Be sure to use complete sentences and/or show calculations completely please type your responses except the calculations. The 4 written unit question sets are worth 5 percent of total grade. Proving appropriate references and make sure these are in your own words. You will upload them as a word or pdf text files in Canvas.

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Question 1: What did you like best and least in this course?

Personally, what I liked best about this course was the engaging nature of the lectures and the variety of topics covered, which helped me develop a broader understanding of biological sciences. The interactive discussions and practical assignments enhanced my learning experience and kept me motivated. Conversely, the aspect I liked least was the difficulty in grasping some of the more complex molecular biology concepts without additional resources or guidance. Certain topics, such as gene regulation and mutation mechanisms, required further clarification outside of the provided materials, which was somewhat challenging.

Question 2: What are oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes? How are they involved in carcinogenesis? What is the relation of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they become activated or overexpressed. They normally originate from proto-oncogenes, which are genes involved in regulating normal cell growth and proliferation. Tumor-suppressor genes, on the other hand, function to inhibit cell division, repair DNA errors, and promote apoptosis, acting as cellular safeguards against cancer development. In carcinogenesis, mutations or alterations in proto-oncogenes can convert them into active oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Similarly, mutations that inactivate tumor-suppressor genes remove critical growth control, contributing to tumor development. The relation of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene is that a proto-oncogene is the normal, non-mutated gene, whereas an oncogene is the mutated or dysregulated version that promotes cancerous growth.

Question 3: What are the role and relationship of egg-polarity genes, segmentation genes, and homeotic genes in Drosophila development?

In Drosophila development, egg-polarity genes play a crucial role in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, determining the spatial organization of future body segments. Segmentation genes are responsible for defining the segmented body plan by controlling the formation and patterning of individual segments, acting downstream of egg-polarity genes. Homeotic genes regulate the identity of these segments, determining which structures develop in each segment, such as wings, legs, or antennae. The relationship among these gene groups is hierarchical: egg-polarity genes set up initial positional cues, segmentation genes translate these cues into segmented body patterns, and homeotic genes specify the identity of each segment based on positional information provided by the earlier gene classes. This coordinated gene regulation ensures proper development and organized formation of the body plan in Drosophila.

References

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• Naef, F., & Major, A. (2010). Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes: an overview. Journal of Cell Science, 123(2), 213-217.