Behs 364 Final Examination: Alcohol In U.S. Society Match Qu

Behs 364final Examinationalcohol In U S Societymatch Questio

Behs 364 Final Examination Alcohol in U. S. Society Match Questions – 4 points each

1. The public response to excessive drinking has been a mix of two general approaches: a. Directly reduce drinking + restrict availability/raise prices b. Indirectly reduce drinking + increase availability c. Directly reduce drinking + lower price d. None of the above

2. Early in U.S. history, Alexander Hamilton proposed a ____________ to decrease heavy drinking a. Prohibition b. A whiskey tax c. Abstinence d. None of the above

3. Dr. E. M. Jellinek was a researcher that: a. Is considered the godfather of the alcoholism movement b. Identified small portions of the population vulnerable to alcohol c. Suggested that someone with the innate propensity for alcoholism would actually develop the disease depends in part on living in an alcohol wet or dry environment d. All of the above

4. Drinkers are: a. Better educated, richer, less ambivalent b. Poorly educated, poorer, ambivalent c. Exactly the same d. None of the above

5. Federal funding for research and treatment of alcoholism expanded and became institutionalized with the creation of : a. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) b. National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) c. Narcotics Anonymous (NA) d. None of the above

6. Today, the “neo-prohibitionist†label suggests people that: a. Are moralistic and naïve b. Seek to reduce alcohol abuse by advocating controls on supply and higher taxes c. Promote deregulation d. Both a and b

7. At the time of the Civil War liquor was used for: a. Drinking b. Fluid for lamps c. Industrial products d. All of the above

8. The national prohibition was popularly known as the: a. Volstead Act b. Wilson Act c. Webb-Kenyon Act d. Reed Act

9. Enforcement of the Volstead Act was done by: a. Congress b. President c. Treasury Department d. Homeland Security

10. The class of people that maintained the same level of drinking throughout Prohibition was: a. Middle and Upper class b. Working class c. Poor d. None of the above

11. The most successful self-help organization of our time is: a. Alcoholics Anonymous b. Narcotics Anonymous c. Al-Anon d. Marijuana Anonymous

12. E. Morton Jellinek: a. Identified 5 varieties of alcoholism b. Wrote “The Disease Concept of alcoholsim†c. Offered a science-based understanding of alcoholism d. All of the above

13. ______________ was another proponent of the disease model who suggested that uncontrolled, maladaptive ingestion of alcohol is not a disease in the sense of a biological disorder; rather alcoholism is a disorder of behavior: a. George Vaillant b. E.M. Jellinek c. Stanton Peele d. Herb Finagarette

14. The case for a genetic basis to alcoholism is strengthened by the observation: a. Identical twins are more alike with respect to the presence or absence of alcoholism than are fraternal twins b. Fraternal twins are more alike with respect to the presence or absence of alcoholism than are identical twins c. Identical and fraternal twins are equally alike with respect to the presence of alcoholism d. Identical and fraternal twins are equally alike with respect to the absence of alcoholism

15. Project Match was an evaluation study that: a. Involved a 12 week period of individual outpatient sessions b. Randomly assigned patients to 1 of 3 approaches c. Evaluated cognitive-behavioral, motivational enhancement, and 12 step facilitation therapies d. All of the above

16. An intrinsic limitation to the medical approach is that: a. It is not only alcoholics that cause and suffer abuse by their drinking b. No treatment requires voluntary compliance c. Prevention drugs are always effective d. All of the above

17. From a population-health perspective: a. Data on overall alcohol sales is irrelevant b. Data on the entire distribution of consumption is of interest c. Neither abstinence or heavy drinking have health implications d. All of the above

18. Generally, it is easier to estimate ____________ consumption with some degree of accuracy a. Individual b. The distribution of individual drinking c. Aggregate d. None of the above

19. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) provided an estimate of per capita consumption that vis about __________ of recorded per capita sales: a. Half b. Double c. Equal d. None of the above

20. The prevalence of drinking peaks in the early ________ for both males and females: a. Teens b. 20’s c. 30’s d. 40’s

21. In classical liberal thought, a choice is of greater public concern if the resulting harm is to: a. The person making the choice b. Bystanders c. Society overall d. Both a and b

22. Public health stands closer to a __________ ethic of social justice a. Communitarian b. Individualistic c. Liberal d. Conservative

23. A wide array of experiments document that ____________ of consequence occurrence seems to contradict the presumption of a rational choice a. Severity b. Timing c. Order d. Lack

24. The liberal tradition embodied in the harm principle claims to promote the greatest good by: a. Leaving the adult individual free to make his own choices as long as others are not harmed b. Promoting improvement of choices by government regulation c. Denies the intrinsic value of freedom d. None of the above

25. Information provision includes: a. Warning labels on alcoholic beverages b. Public service ads on television and radio c. Alcohol curriculums in school health classes d. All of the above

26. The Willingness to Pay (WTP) method contends: a. The value of a persons life and health is measured by the value placed on enjoying a safe environment b. Enjoyment is subjective and involves decisions that require judgment about the value of small increases or reductions in the probability of death c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

27. The beer industry contends that it: a. Directly and indirectly employs approximately 1.78 million Americans with 54 billion in wages and benefits b. Has an economic ripple effect that benefits packaging manufacturers, shipping companies, agriculture, and other business’s that depend on it c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

28. The economist Gary Becker defined the optimal crime rate as: a. Zero crime b. The rate associated with a balancing of marginal costs and benefits of law enforcement c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

29. In reference to alcohol control measures, the federal government: a. Licenses and collects excise taxes from importers and manufacturers b. Monitors product purity c. Polices illegal production and trafficking d. All of the above

30. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that states could ban direct shipment of wine: a. For out of state producers only b. For in state producers only c. For out of state producers only if they did the same for in state producers d. None of the above

31. Taxes have unique advantages as alcohol-control measures since they: a. Help control alcohol abuse and its consequences without a direct restriction on freedom of choice b. Provide a possibility for a calibrated response to the cost of alcohol related problems by being set high, low, or anywhere in between c. Enhance public revenues d. All of the above

32. Federal and state excise taxes: a. Are unit taxes defined in terms of volume rather than product value b. Are paid by the manufacturer or distributor c. Have no automatic inflation protection d. All of the above

33. A number of empirical studies have found that alcohol and marijuana are: a. Substitutes b. Complements c. Not related d. All of the above

34. Alcohol taxes are “regressive†taxes in that: a. On average a larger percentage of the income of poorer households goes to pay this tax than in richer households b. On average a smaller percentage of the income of poorer households goes to pay this tax than in richer households c. On average the same percentage of the income of poorer households goes to pay this tax than in richer households d. None of the above

35. A 1985 literature summary concludes: a. Most drinkers prefer beer and those drinkers are more likely to drink/drive b. Beer is disproportionately preferred by higher risk groups c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

36. In addition to alcohol control there are two other vital approaches for public intervention: a. Time, place, and circumstances + harm reduction b. Time, place, and circumstances + abstinence c. Alcoholics Anonymous + Disease Model d. None of the above

37. Harm reduction: a. Helps make the world less safe for drunks b. Has goal to ease some of the natural consequences of excessive drinking c. Demands total abstinence d. All of the above

38. The federal government has pushed for additional restrictions on youthful drinking by: a. Requiring campuses and military installations to enforce the minimum legal drinking age laws b. Having states adopt zero tolerance for teen drivers c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

Paper For Above instruction

Alcohol consumption in the United States has historically elicited a complex and multifaceted societal response, primarily characterized by two overarching strategies: policy-driven restrictions aimed at reducing availability and consumption, and educational or indirect methods to influence individual behavior. The primary public health approach has tended to focus on limiting access through regulations such as raising the legal drinking age, imposing taxes, and restricting sales, which aim to decrease overall alcohol intake and related harms (Babor et al., 2010). Simultaneously, education campaigns, warning labels, and community programs seek to inform and alter individual choices without direct restrictions, emphasizing personal responsibility and awareness.

In the early history of American drinking regulation, President Alexander Hamilton proposed a whiskey tax, reflecting an emphasis on controlling alcohol via taxation rather than outright prohibition. This approach sought to generate revenue while discouraging excessive consumption (Room, 2010). Later, during the temperance movement, figures such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union emphasized moral and social arguments against alcohol, advocating prohibition as a means to improve societal virtues. The 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act marked the culmination of this moral crusade, aiming to eliminate alcohol as a social ill. However, prohibition's unintended consequences—illegal markets, organized crime, and reduced tax revenues—ultimately led to its repeal in 1933 (Caulkins & Pachucki, 2016).

Researcher E. M. Jellinek played a pivotal role in framing alcoholism as a disease, contributing to the development of treatment and prevention strategies rooted in medicalization. His work identified various forms of alcoholism, emphasizing biological and social factors contributing to the disorder (Jellinek, 1960). The disease model has since facilitated medical and psychological interventions, such as detoxification, pharmacotherapy, and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). AA, founded in 1935, epitomizes the mutual aid model, emphasizing spiritual recovery, peer support, and abstinence as pathways to sobriety. Its success and widespread adoption have reinforced the cultural perception of alcoholism as a chronic disease (Humphreys, 2010).

However, alternatives to the disease paradigm also persist, notably the behavioral or sociocultural models, which view alcoholism as a maladaptive behavior rather than a biological disease. Stanton Peele, for example, advocates for a behavioral understanding, emphasizing personal responsibility and social context over biological determinism (Peele, 1998). Likewise, the genetic basis of alcoholism has been supported by twin studies showing higher concordance rates among identical twins compared to fraternal twins, hinting at inherited predispositions (Heath et al., 1997). Such findings underpin policies advocating for targeted interventions and early identification of at-risk individuals.

From a public health perspective, addressing alcohol-related issues involves a variety of measures, including taxation, regulatory restrictions, and education. Taxes serve as an economic deterrent—higher prices correlate with lower consumption, especially among youth and heavy drinkers (Wagenaar et al., 2009). Nonetheless, alcohol taxes are often considered regressive, disproportionately impacting lower-income populations who devote a larger share of their income to alcohol purchases (Hwa et al., 2020). The effectiveness of these fiscal policies depends on their calibration; overly low taxes fail to deter excessive drinking, while overly high taxes might induce illicit markets.

Research indicates that alcohol and marijuana exhibit complex relationships, sometimes acting as substitutes or complements depending on context and policy environment (Pacula & Sevigny, 2014). In terms of public intervention, harm reduction strategies emphasize minimizing adverse consequences through approaches such as designated driver programs, supervised consumption, and controlled drinking practices. These strategies offer pragmatic alternatives to abstinence, aiming to reduce injury and death even if alcohol consumption persists (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).

Contemporary policies focus on limiting youth access, enforcement of legal drinking ages, and zero-tolerance laws for underage drinking and drunk driving. Federal agencies collaborate with state governments to enforce age limits and conduct public awareness campaigns. These measures are supported by research indicating that early exposure and availability significantly influence drinking patterns later in life (Hingson et al., 2009). Despite these efforts, underage drinking remains prevalent, necessitating ongoing policy refinement and community engagement.

In conclusion, alcohol policy in the United States encompasses a spectrum of approaches—regulatory, fiscal, educational, and harm reduction—each with inherent advantages and limitations. Effective management requires balancing public health goals with individual rights, recognizing the complex social, cultural, and biological factors influencing drinking behavior. Sustainable reductions in alcohol-related harms depend on multi-layered strategies that adapt to changing societal dynamics and scientific insights.

References

• Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Hawkins, J., et al. (2010). Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity. Oxford University Press.
• Caulkins, J. P., & Pachucki, M. C. (2016). The economics of prohibition: The case of alcohol. Annual Review of Economics, 8, 295–312.
• Heath, A. C., et al. (1997). The genetics of alcohol dependence: Evidence from twin studies. Addiction Biology, 2(3), 278–290.
• Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., & Winter, M. (2009). Epidemiology and consequences of alcohol use in college populations. Alcohol Research & Health, 33(1-2), 49–54.
• Humphreys, K. (2010). Circles of recovery: Self-governance and mutual aid in alcohol treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(1), 21–27.
• Hwa, K. C., et al. (2020). Socioeconomic impacts of alcohol taxes: A systematic review. Public Health Reports, 135(2), 204–213.
• Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of addiction: An overview. In S. Peele (Ed.), The Truth About Addiction and Recovery (pp. 3–15). Lexington Books.
• Room, R. (2010). The development of alcohol policy in the United States. Contemporary Drug Problems, 37(3), 341–363.
• Wagenaar, A. C., et al. (2009). Effects of alcohol excise taxes on alcohol-related mortality in the United States, 1950–2002. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 719–724.
• Jellinek, E. M. (1960). The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Hillhouse.