Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning For Each Of The Foll

Chapter 4 Learningclassical Conditioningfor Each Of The Following

Chapter 4 – Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: For each of the following, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. Keep in mind that the UCS is the unlearned or unconditioned stimulus that elicits the unlearned or unconditioned response without any learning having happened. The CS starts off neutral as it doesn’t elicit a response until repeated pairings have created the association between the two stimuli (UCS and neutral stimulus). The CR is the learned response and is typically similar or the same as the UCR; it is just that it is elicited by the CS. See the example for how to complete it.

1. Henrietta smokes cigarettes because she likes how they relax her, and finds that she smokes more now than she used to. Her smoking behavior is controlled by which contingency?
2. A school bus driver plays a radio station the students like a lot as long as the children are behaving on the bus. If anyone starts running around, yelling, or otherwise misbehaving, she turns off the radio. Assuming this works to reduce the students’ misbehavior, this is being controlled by which contingency?
3. Marco is lactose intolerant. He loves drinking milk, but when he does, he becomes miserably ill. If Marco stops drinking milk, his behavior is controlled by which contingency?
4. Marco has discovered a pill that counteracts the effects of lactose intolerance. Whenever he wants to drink milk, he remembers to take the pill beforehand, and he does not become ill. Marco’s pill-taking behavior is controlled by which contingency?
5. Rowdy teens used to hang out in the parking lot of a convenience store and cause problems. The store owner found that, by playing classical music in the parking lot, he could reduce the number of teens hanging out there. The teens’ behavior of hanging out in the parking lot is controlled by which contingency?
6. Raffio is allergic to paint fumes. Whenever he paints his house, he is careful to wear a mask to keep the fumes out because, otherwise, he gets a terrible headache. His behavior of wearing the mask is controlled by which contingency?
7. Bonnie works as a waitress and has discovered that, if she squats down while taking the customers’ order so that her head is at the same level as theirs, she gets better tips. Her behavior of squatting down is controlled by which contingency?
8. Marco likes popcorn, but he hates the way it makes his kitchen smell. These days, he almost never cooks popcorn. His popcorn-cooking behavior is controlled by which contingency?
9. Fred’s car has started to make an annoying noise occasionally, but it doesn’t seem to be anything serious. When the noise starts, he turns his radio up to drown it out. His behavior of turning up the radio is controlled by which contingency?
10. When birds come to Sabrina’s bird feeder, she loves to watch them. Every time she tries to take a picture of them, they fly away. She doesn’t try to take any more pictures because she would rather see the birds. Her picture-taking behavior is controlled by which contingency?

Operant Conditioning Scenarios

1. Henrietta smokes cigarettes because she likes how they relax her, and finds that she smokes more now than she used to. Her smoking behavior is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
2. A school bus driver plays a radio station the students like a lot as long as the children are behaving on the bus. If anyone starts running around, yelling, or otherwise misbehaving, she turns off the radio. Assuming this works to reduce the students’ misbehavior, this is being controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
3. Marco is lactose intolerant. He loves drinking milk, but when he does, he becomes miserably ill. If Marco stops drinking milk, his behavior is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
4. Marco has discovered a pill that counteracts the effects of lactose intolerance. Whenever he wants to drink milk, he remembers to take the pill beforehand, and he does not become ill. Marco’s pill-taking behavior is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
5. Rowdy teens used to hang out in the parking lot of a convenience store and cause problems. The store owner found that, by playing classical music in the parking lot, he could reduce the number of teens hanging out there. The teens’ behavior of hanging out in the parking lot is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
6. Raffio is allergic to paint fumes. Whenever he paints his house, he is careful to wear a mask to keep the fumes out because, otherwise, he gets a terrible headache. His behavior of wearing the mask is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
7. Bonnie works as a waitress and has discovered that, if she squats down while taking the customers’ order so that her head is at the same level as theirs, she gets better tips. Her behavior of squatting down is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
8. Marco likes popcorn, but he hates the way it makes his kitchen smell. These days, he almost never cooks popcorn. His popcorn-cooking behavior is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
9. Fred’s car has started to make an annoying noise occasionally, but it doesn’t seem to be anything serious. When the noise starts, he turns his radio up to drown it out. His behavior of turning up the radio is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.
10. When birds come to Sabrina’s bird feeder, she loves to watch them. Every time she tries to take a picture of them, they fly away. She doesn’t try to take any more pictures because she would rather see the birds. Her picture-taking behavior is controlled by which contingency? Explain why.

Schedules of Reinforcement

1. An office worker glances at his watch to see if it is 5 PM yet (i.e., going home is the reinforcer). Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
2. An employee is paid an hourly wage. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
3. A charitable organization makes an average of 8 calls for each donation it receives. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
4. A chef checks the oven to see if a casserole is done, when the baking time is known. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
5. A hotel maid takes a break after having cleaned three rooms. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
6. A person checks the front porch for a newspaper when the delivery person is extremely unpredictable. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
7. There is a test in a class every three weeks (i.e., doing well is the reinforcer). Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
8. A professional baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at-bat. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
9. A gambler at the slot machine receives a payoff approximately every 30th pull of the lever. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.
10. Buying lottery tickets and winning. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Explain why.

Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Vertical and horizontal integration are strategic approaches used by organizations to expand and strengthen their market position. Vertical integration involves a company taking control over multiple stages of the production and distribution process for its products or services. This can include owning suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution channels, or retail outlets. The primary value of vertical integration lies in increased control over the supply chain, reduced costs, and improved quality control. For example, a car manufacturer acquiring its own parts suppliers or opening its own dealerships exemplifies vertical integration, enabling better coordination and cost efficiency.

Horizontal integration, on the other hand, occurs when a company expands its market share by acquiring or merging with competitors operating in the same industry or at the same stage of production. This strategy aims to increase market power, reduce competition, and achieve economies of scale. A recent example is the acquisition of multiple health insurance companies by a large conglomerate to dominate the health insurance industry, reducing competition and increasing market influence.

The variables that make these forms of integration valuable include cost savings, market power, reduced competition, and strategic control. Vertical integration can be particularly beneficial in industries with complex supply chains or where quality control is crucial. Horizontal integration is valuable when a company seeks to expand its market reach or eliminate rivals. Both strategies require careful evaluation of market conditions, regulatory environment, and operational capabilities to determine their appropriateness.

When Should Organizations Consider Diversification?

Diversification refers to a strategy where an organization expands into new markets or product lines beyond its core business. It is considered a viable strategy under circumstances such as market saturation, declining demand in existing markets, or opportunities for growth in emerging industries. For example, a technology firm primarily engaged in hardware might diversify into software or cloud services to capitalize on technological trends and mitigate risks associated with dependence on a single product segment.

Organizations should consider diversification when their core market is highly competitive, mature, or facing declining profitability. Diversification can also serve as a risk management tool, spreading business risk across different industries or customer bases. Successful diversification requires thorough market analysis, resource allocation, and strategic alignment with organizational strengths.

Benefits of a Global Strategy

A global strategy enables organizations to operate across multiple countries, leveraging economies of scale, access to new markets, and diversification of revenue sources. It enhances competitiveness by allowing companies to capitalize on global efficiencies, such as lower production costs and resource access. For instance, many multinational corporations like Apple or Toyota benefit from global strategies through streamlined supply chains and expanded market reach, leading to increased profits.

However, a global strategy may not be suitable for all organizations, especially those whose products or services are highly cultural-specific or require significant adaptation to local markets. For example, small local service providers may find that entering international markets is not feasible or cost-effective due to cultural barriers, regulatory differences, and logistical challenges.

References

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